{"id":27161,"date":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","date_gmt":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/lawandeconomics\/literature-reviews\/0370-law-and-economics-in-quebec.html"},"modified":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","modified_gmt":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","slug":"0370-law-and-economics-in-quebec","status":"publish","type":"law_economics","link":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/lawandeconomics\/literature-reviews\/0370-law-and-economics-in-quebec.html","title":{"rendered":"Encyclopedia of Law & Economics \u2013 0370 LAW AND ECONOMICS IN QUEBEC"},"content":{"rendered":"

0370 <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

LAW AND ECONOMICS IN QUEBEC <\/strong><\/p>\n

Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick Charette
Research Fellow <\/em>
University of California, Berkeley <\/em>
\u00a9 Copyright 1998 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick Charette <\/p>\n

Contents <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/a>\u00a0 <\/p>\n

1. Introduction <\/a>\u00a0 <\/p>\n

2. L&E Education and Research in Law Schools and EconomicsDepartments <\/a>\u00a0 <\/p>\n

3. Future Prospects <\/a>\u00a0 <\/p>\n

4. Conclusion <\/a>\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Bibliography on Law and Economics in Quebec (0370) <\/a>\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Other References <\/a>\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Abstract <\/a>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Although law & economics has had a definitive impact on legal studies in theUnited States and English-speaking Canada, and continues to make inroads inEurope, the Province of Quebec remains insulated. Not only is institutionalrecognition of the discipline absent, its practitioners are also few and isolated.In this short review, I try to offer an up-to-date picture of the field withinQuebec’s law schools as well as some hypotheses that could explain the currentstate of affairs. <\/p>\n

JEL classification: <\/em> K00 <\/p>\n

Keywords: <\/em> Canada, Quebec, Research, Education, Teaching, French <\/p>\n

1. Introduction <\/a>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Writing on the status of law and economics in Quebec has proven to be aworthy challenge. Although the movement has had a definitive impact on legalstudies in the United States and English-speaking Canada, and continues tomake inroads in Europe, the Province of Quebec remains insulated. Not only isinstitutional recognition of the discipline absent, its practitioners are also fewand isolated. In this short review, I will try to offer an up-to-date picture of thefield within Quebec’s law schools as well as some hypotheses that could explainthe current state of affairs. We will see that language alone cannot fully accountfor the lack of interest in the field. Finally, I will try and provide some hope forthe future by pointing to the possibility of a wider recognition of the field andto the uniqueness of Quebec’s legal system as a potentially rich source forcomparative studies. <\/p>\n

2. L&E Education and Research in Law Schools and Economics Departments <\/a>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

In the introduction to the second edition of their Law and Economics, Cooterand Ulen (1996, p. 2) <\/a> list ten criteria by which one can measure the impact ofeconomics on law. None of the six Quebec law schools (Laval, McGill, Montreal,Sherbrooke, UQAM, to which I add the civil law section of the University ofOttawa) pass all these tests. There are no Economics Ph.D. programmes in thefaculty of any law school. There is no joint degree program (Ph.D. econ.\/LL.B.).There are evidently no journals devoted to the field and Quebec law journalsonly exceptionally publish L&E articles. The few articles that were published, arecited only rarely by other Quebec legal scholars, despite their quality. Not onlyis the field often ignored, but only four law schools out of six have an EconomicAnalysis of Law course on their curriculum (McGill and UQAM being theexceptions), and only two of them (Montreal and Laval) have been offering thecourse on a yearly basis since it was added to the curriculum. Finally, there is noprofessional organization in Quebec equivalent to the Canadian Law andEconomics Association (CLEA), in spite of the fact that in most fields there areFrench-speaking organizations in Quebec duplicating the correspondingCanadian organizations. <\/p>\n

Contrary to lawyers, Quebec economists fully consider themselves to be partof an international profession. Economics has developed into a trulyinternational field, with a common language and a shared hierarchy of schoolsand departments. Quebec economists are not, contrary to civil lawyers, insulatedfrom foreign influences: they study abroad, candidates for teaching positionscome from all over the world and faculty members engage actively in economicresearch whose quality they expect to be measured by world standards. Hence,economics departments should provide more opportunities for studies in lawand economics. However, the fact remains that, as is the case with legal scholars,most economists do not seem to have expressed any special interest in studyingQuebec law, except perhaps with regard to some special legislation such as theintroduction of the provincial no-fault automobile insurance bill. <\/p>\n

Two notable exceptions must be mentioned here. Reuven Brenner, who holdsthe Repap Chair at McGill’s Faculty of Management, and Jean-Luc Migu\u00e9 of theEcole Nationale d’Administration Publique (ENAP) are two scholars ofinternational stature whose involvement in L&E must be pointed out. Althoughnot strictly associated with the L&E movement, Pr. Brenner has made adistinctive use of L&E tools throughout his oeuvre to explain why peopleinnovate or gamble on new ideas. Pr. Migu\u00e9’s involvement with L&E has beenmore explicit and more accessible, as he has written in both French and English.His most important contribution must be his studies on the economics oflanguage and the economics of federalism. <\/p>\n

Reasons as to why so few scholars have made distinctive contributions tothe field are not readily forthcoming. As is the case with Pr. Brenner, it might bethat the economic papers discussing legal issues are not written in French butin English, and that they could be found in the appropriate section of theencyclopedia. Even with that caveat in mind, one would be hard pressed to findmore than twenty articles published by Quebec scholars in economics reviews.So there is a real puzzle with regard to the lack of involvement in law andeconomics by Quebec scholars, be they legal scholars or economists. <\/p>\n

Common prejudiced views advanced as explanations for this puzzle simplydo not resist a comparative perspective. For example, the language differentialor the presence of a civil code cannot be part of the explanation: most Quebececonomists publish in English, and the language barrier has not preventedGerman and Dutch jurists from applying the economic model to their own civilcode. <\/p>\n

A more plausible hypothesis would focus on the lack of competition betweenQuebec universities. Not only is the system completely public with no privateuniversity in operation, but studies are heavily subsidized, with the lowesttuition fees in all of North America, and teachers fully unionized. Because Civillaw schools are so few in number, and because full employment security isprovided after a five year probation period, there is very little movement betweenthe faculties and hence an utter lack of competition. Professors’ appointmentfees are exclusively based on experience rather than on performance and thereis consequently a relative uniformity of treatment among faculty members. Chairsare exceedingly rare. Incentives to innovate by researching new fields of studyare mostly indirect. <\/p>\n

As in any other field, publications remain paramount for prestige andpromotions. However, in law schools, the criteria of international publicationsis not retained, perhaps because of the civil character of the profession. Thepressure to perform at the international level remains low. As long as this will bethe case, incentives to innovate and excel will be likely to be lower in Quebecthan elsewhere. Because competition leads to a discovery process, its absenceoften explains a lack of entrepreneurship. For the moment, the few steps on theacademic ladder can be easily climbed by producing commentaries on case lawor legislative notes affecting one’s field; there is nothing to gain from venturesin new studies far from the comforts of one’s home turf. <\/p>\n

3. Future Prospects <\/a>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Nevertheless, there may be some hope. The expansion of law and economicsinto public law and international law, and especially the economics of federalism,is bound to influence Quebec jurists working in those fields. Contrary to privatelaw, and despite the language barrier, public law in Quebec is traversed byCanadian and American influences. Moreover, funding cuts, declining admissionprospects and a relatively high unemployment rate have forced law schools torequire a doctoral degree as a condition of employment. Aspiring professors arenow more likely to have received training in the US and hence to have beenexposed to L&E. Finally, since there will be growing uncertainty regardingemployment security, it is likely that those new and highly mobile professors willhave to distinguish themselves in order to keep a high profile; the L&E fieldcontinues to offer enormous possibilities in this regard. <\/p>\n

Much as L&E might catch on and attract new practitioners in Quebec, thisis still a far cry from becoming a standard part of the curriculum in law schools.One essential step in that direction is the first general introduction to L&E inFrench (in addition to the brief survey of core private law subjects by BertrandLemennicier in his \u00c9conomie du droit, Paris, Cujas, 1991), currently being writtenby Pr. Ejan Mackaay and the undersigned. Pr. Mackaay, who teaches at theFacult\u00e9 de droit de l’Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, must be considered as one of thepioneers of the field and the leading figure of L&E in Quebec. His writings inFrench, English and Dutch can all be praised for their clarity and soundness. <\/p>\n

The book is aimed at the civilian legal community, both in Quebec andelsewhere in the French-speaking world. The publication of this book shouldhelp to establish L&E as an integral part of the legal curriculum in thosecountries. Beyond this upcoming introductory work, however, the prospects forthe development of French language literature on the subject are dim.Economists already publish in English, and new Professors at law schools aremore likely than their seniors to write in English, not only because they haveoften been trained in that language, but especially because they want to keeptheir job options open beyond provincial and national boundaries. <\/p>\n

This does not mean that there is no hope for the study of Quebec private lawinstitutions. The recent growth of a distinct comparative L&E field could spurinterest in the unique civil law system of Quebec, and with good reason. First ofall, there is an official English version of all legislative texts, as well as of somecourt decisions and textbooks. Moreover, and contrary to the French system,Quebec’s private law has borrowed its civil procedure styles of judicial reasoningfrom British common law and has developed a large body of case law. Finally,Quebec having been more influenced by the European model of the welfare statethan by the American one, it provides a stark contrast to the latter, a usefulbeginning for any comparative study. <\/p>\n

4. Conclusion <\/a>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

All is not gloomy about the state of the field in Quebec. As the followingbibliography will show, there are scholars of great quality in Quebec, and thenew generation of professors will be better trained and more outward lookingthan their predecessors. The development of a body of convincing comparativeand constitutional law and economics studies may be just what is needed to helpQuebec jurists overcome their initial reservations about the field. We may yet beheading for a new quiet revolution. <\/p>\n

Bibliography on Law and Economics in Quebec (0370) <\/a>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Belley, Jean-Guy (1996) <\/a>, ‘Le contrat comme ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne d’internormativit\u00e9 (The Contractas a Phenomenon of Inter-Normativity)’, in Belley, Jean-Guy (ed.), Le droit soluble -Contributions qu\u00e9b\u00e8coises \u00e0 l’\u00e9tude de la normativit\u00e9, <\/em> Paris, Librairie G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de Droitet de Jurisprudence, 195-232. <\/p>\n

Bourbeau, Robert (1983) <\/a>, Les accidents de la route au Qu\u00e9bec 1926-1978: \u00e9tuded\u00e9mographique et \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique (Road Accidents in Quebec, 1926-1978: ADemographic and Epidemiologic Study) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Presses de l’Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al. <\/p>\n

Boyer, Marcel (1995) <\/a>, La r\u00e9glementation incitative (Inciting Regulations) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Centreinteruniversitaire de recherche en analyse des organisations. <\/p>\n

Boyer, Marcel and Dionne, Georges (1985) <\/a>, ‘S\u00e9curit\u00e9 routi\u00e8re: responsabilit\u00e9 pour n\u00e9gligenceet tarification (Road Safety: Responsibility for Negligence and Pricing)’, 18 <\/strong> CanadianJournal of Economics <\/em>, 814-830. <\/p>\n

Boyer, Marcel, Dionne, Georges and Vanasse, Charles (1991) <\/a>, ‘Infractions au code de las\u00e9curit\u00e9 routi\u00e8re, infractions au code criminel et gestion optimale de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 routi\u00e8re(Infractions to the Road Safety Code, Infractions to the Criminal Code and OptimalManagement of Road Safety)’, 67 <\/strong> L’actualit\u00e9 Economique <\/em>, 279-305. <\/p>\n

Brenner, Gabrielle A. and Brenner, Reuven (1989) <\/a>, Les innovations et la Loi sur laconcurrence (Innovations and the Competition Law) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Ecole des hautes \u00e9tudescommerciales, Institut d’\u00e9conomie appliqu\u00e9e. Actualit\u00e9 Economique 65, 146-63 (1990) <\/p>\n

Brenner, Reuven (1990), Les choix du Qu\u00e9bec <\/em>, Commission sur l’avenir politique etconstitutionnel du Qu\u00e9bec (Commission B\u00e9langer-Campeau), Les avis des sp\u00e9cialistesinvit\u00e9s \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre aux huit questions par la Commission (CommissionB\u00e9langer-Campeau). <\/p>\n

Brenner, Reuven (1990), ‘Inventions et innovations dans le monde des affaires et dessciences (Inventions and Innovations in Business and Science)’, 26 <\/strong> Etudes fran\u00e7aises <\/em>,51-78. <\/p>\n

Brenner, Reuven (1990), ‘Pays de l’est: d’abord les r\u00e9formes l\u00e9gales, ensuite les politiquesmon\u00e9taires et macro\u00e9conomiques (Eastern European Countries: First the Legal Reforms,Then the Monetary and Macroeconomic Policies)’, 1 <\/strong> Journal des \u00e9conomistes et desetudes humaines: Bilingual Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies <\/em>, 253-277. <\/p>\n

Brenner, Reuven (1991) <\/a>, ‘Les Choix du Qu\u00e9bec’, in X (ed.), Les Avis des Sp\u00e9cialistes Invit\u00e9s\u00e0 R\u00e9pondre aux Huit Questions Pos\u00e9es par la Commission <\/em>, Assembl\u00e9es Nationale,Documents parlementaires, 119-156. <\/p>\n

Brenner, Reuven (1995) <\/a>, ‘Quebec and Canada: In the Locks of a Financial Embrace’, 1(8) <\/strong> Choix, Institute for Research on Public Policy <\/em>, 5-30. <\/p>\n

Brenner, Reuven and Brenner, Gabrielle A. (1988) <\/a>, ‘Entrepreneurship – Le nouveau nom d’unvieux ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne (Entrepreneurship – A New Name for an Old Phenomenon)’, Revueinternationale de gestion <\/em>. <\/p>\n

Breton, Albert (1978) <\/a>, Le bilinguisme: une approche \u00e9conomique (Bilingualism: AnEconomic Approach) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Institut de recherche C.D. Howe. <\/p>\n

Charette, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick (1992), ‘L’illusion du droit moral, telle que r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e par le droit del’informatique (The Illusion of a Moral Right, as Revealed by a Study of Computer Law)’, 4 <\/strong> Cahiers de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle <\/em>, 161-185. <\/p>\n

Charette, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick (1992), ‘Lib\u00e9raliser la publicit\u00e9 des avocats: fondements et cons\u00e9quences(Liberalizing Lawyers’ Advertising: Foundations and Consequences)’, 71 <\/strong> Canadian BarReview <\/em>, 508-551. <\/p>\n

Courchene, Thomas J. (1986) <\/a>, La gestion \u00e9conomique et le partage des pouvoirs(Management and the Separation of Powers) <\/em>, Ottawa, Commission royale sur l’union\u00e9conomique et les perspectives de d\u00e9veloppement du Canada. <\/p>\n

Courchene, Thomas J. (1987) <\/a>, Les offrandes des rois mages : Etat-providence ou Etatprovidentiel? (The Magi’s Offerings: Welfare State or Providential State?) <\/em>, Toronto,C.D. Howe Institute. <\/p>\n

Courchene, Thomas J. (1991) <\/a>, Eloge du f\u00e9d\u00e9ralisme renouvel\u00e9 (Praise for a RenewedFederalism) <\/em>, Toronto, C.D. Howe Institute. <\/p>\n

Cousineau, Jean-Michel (1991) <\/a>, ‘L’effet du salaire minimum sur le ch\u00f4mage des jeunes et desfemmes au Qu\u00e9bec: une r\u00e9estimation et un r\u00e9examen de la question (The Impact of aMinimum Wage on Unemployment of Young People and Women in Quebec: A NewLook at the Question)’, 67 <\/strong> Actualite Economique <\/em>, 144-165. <\/p>\n

Dion, Michel (1992) <\/a>, ‘Le raisonnement \u00e9thique en affaires (Ethics Reasoning in Business)’,in Dion, Michel (ed.), L’\u00e9thique ou le profit <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Fides, 13-98. <\/p>\n

Dion, Michel (ed.) (1992) <\/a>, L’\u00e9thique ou le profit (Ethics or Profit) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Fides. <\/p>\n

Fluet, Claude (1990) <\/a>, ‘L’analyse \u00e9conomique du droit (Economic Analysis of Law)’, 43(3) <\/strong> Economie Appliqu\u00e9e <\/em>, 53-66. <\/p>\n

Fortin, Bernard, Garneau, Ga\u00e9tan, Lacroix, Guy, Lemieux, Thomas and Montmarquette,Claude (1996) <\/a>, L’\u00e9conomie souterraine au Qu\u00e9bec – Mythes et r\u00e9alit\u00e9s (TheUnderground Economy in Quebec – Myths and Realities) <\/em>, Sainte-Foy, Presses del’Universit\u00e9 Laval. <\/p>\n

Fortin, Pierre (1980) <\/a>, Les conditions minimales de travail: leurs cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques(The Fixation of Minimum Working Conditions: Their Economic Consequences) <\/em>, 35econgr\u00e8s des relations industrielles, La d\u00e9termination des conditions minimales de travailpar l’Etat: une loi: son \u00e9conomie et sa port\u00e9e. <\/p>\n

Gaudry, Marc (1977) <\/a>, ‘Quelques probl\u00e8mes de tarification du transport des voyageurs \u00e0Montr\u00e9al (Some Tarification Problems Regarding Public Transit in Montreal)’, III <\/strong> Canadian Public Policy <\/em>, 307-314. <\/p>\n

Gaudry, Marc (1986) <\/a>, Un abr\u00e9g\u00e9 de DRAG, un mod\u00e8le de la Demande Routi\u00e8re, desAccidents et de leur Gravit\u00e9, appliqu\u00e9 au Qu\u00e9bec de 1956 \u00e0 1982 (A Summary ofDRAG, a model of Road Demand and of Accidents and their Seriousness, Applied toQuebec from 1956 to 1982) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Centre de recherche sur les transports. <\/p>\n

Gaudry, Marc (1995) <\/a>, Sur une application \u00e0 la r\u00e9gion m\u00e9tropolitaine de Montr\u00e9al desrecommandations de la Commission royale sur le transport des voyageurs au Canada(Of an Application to the Montreal Metropolitan Area of the Recommendations of theRoyal Commission on Public Transit in Canada) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Centre de recherche sur lestransports. <\/p>\n

Gaudry, Marc, Fournier, Fran\u00e7ois and Simard, Robert (1995) <\/a>, DRAG-2, un mod\u00e8le\u00e9conom\u00e9trique appliqu\u00e9 au kilom\u00e9trage, aux accidents et \u00e0 leur gravit\u00e9 au Qu\u00e9bec -Synth\u00e8se des r\u00e9sultats (DRAG-2, An Econometric Model Applied to Mileage and toAccidents and their Seriousness in Quebec – Summary of Results) <\/em>, Qu\u00e9bec, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 del’assurance automobile du Qu\u00e9bec. <\/p>\n

H\u00e9bert, G\u00e9rard (1986) <\/a>, ‘Les normes du travail \u00e0 caract\u00e8re \u00e9conomique au Canada et auQu\u00e9bec (Labor Rules of an Economic Nature in Canada and Quebec)’, 17 <\/strong> Revue g\u00e9n\u00e9ralede droit <\/em>, 45-84. <\/p>\n

Krauss, Michael I. (1986) <\/a>, ‘L’affaire Lapierre: vers une th\u00e9orie \u00e9conomique de l’obligationquasi-contractuelle (The Lapierre Case: Toward an Economic Theory of theQuasi-Contractual Obligation)’, 31 <\/strong> McGill Law Journal <\/em>, 683-721. <\/p>\n

Krauss, Michael I. (1994) <\/a>, ‘La r\u00e9glementation contre le march\u00e9 dans le d\u00e9veloppement denormes (Regulation against the Market in Norms Formation)’, 5 <\/strong> Journal des\u00e9conomistes et des \u00e9tudes humaines <\/em>, 573-599. <\/p>\n

Krauss, Michael I. (ed.) (1989) <\/a>, Action positive – Th\u00e9orie et cons\u00e9quences (AffirmativeAction – Theory and Consequences) <\/em>, Cowansville (QC), Yvon Blais. <\/p>\n

Landry, Raymond A. (1991) <\/a>, ‘La priorit\u00e9 fiscale sur les meubles et le projet de Code civil duQu\u00e9bec (Fiscal Priority on Movables and the Quebec Civil Code Bill)’, 22 <\/strong> Revue g\u00e9n\u00e9ralede droit <\/em>, 649-658. <\/p>\n

Lemieux, Pierre (1983) <\/a>, Du lib\u00e9ralisme \u00e0 l’anarcho-capitalisme (From Liberalism toAnarcho-Capitalism) <\/em>, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF). <\/p>\n

Lemieux, Pierre (1987) <\/a>, La souverainet\u00e9 de l’individu (The Sovereignty of the Individual) <\/em>,Paris, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF). <\/p>\n

Lemieux, Pierre (1988) <\/a>, L’anarcho-capitalisme (What is Anarcho-Capitalism?) <\/em>, Paris,Presses Universitaires de France (PUF). <\/p>\n

Lemieux, Pierre (1991) <\/a>, Apologie des sorci\u00e8res modernes ([An Apology of Modern Witches) <\/em>,Paris, Belles Lettres. <\/p>\n

Lemieux, Pierre (1993) <\/a>, Le droit de porter des armes (The Right to Bear Arms) <\/em>, Paris, BellesLettres. <\/p>\n

Lemieux, Vincent (1991) <\/a>, Les relations de pouvoir dans les lois – Comparaison entre lesgouvernements du Qu\u00e9bec de 1944 \u00e0 1985 (Power Relations in Laws – ComparisonBetween Quebec Governments from 1944 to 1985) <\/em>, Sainte-Foy, Presses de l’Universit\u00e9Laval. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1979) <\/a>, ‘Les notions floues ou l’\u00e9conomie de l’impr\u00e9cision (Fuzzy Conceptsor the Economics of Imprecision)’, 12 <\/strong> Langages <\/em>, 33-50. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1980) <\/a>, ‘Le droit relatif aux accidents – une interpr\u00e9tation \u00e9conomique (TheLaw of Accidents – An Economic Approach)’, 15 <\/strong> Revue Juridique Themis <\/em>, 383-415. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1986), ‘Les biens informationnels ou le droit de suite dans les id\u00e9es(Information Goods or the Sequel Right in Ideas)’, 12 <\/strong> Informatica e Diritto <\/em>, 45-65. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1986), ‘La r\u00e8gle juridique observ\u00e9e par le prisme de l’\u00e9conomiste – unehistoire stylis\u00e9e du mouvement d’analyse \u00e9conomique du droit (The Legal Rule Viewedfrom the Perspective of the Economist – A Stylized History of the Law and EconomicsMovement)’, 1 <\/strong> Revue internationale de droit \u00e9conomique <\/em>, 43-88. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1987), ‘Tableau synoptique de l’analyse \u00e9conomique du droit (Synoptic Tableof the Economic Analysis of Law)’, 1987 <\/strong> Revue de la recherche juridique droitperspectif <\/em>, 637 ff. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1987), ‘Courants de pens\u00e9e juridique \u00e0 l’origine de l’analyse \u00e9conomique dudroit (tableaux) (Legal Currents at the Origin of the Economic Analysis of Law(Tables))’, 1987 <\/strong> Revue de la recherche juridique droit perspectif <\/em>, 635-636. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1987), Le paradoxe des droits acquis. De l’ancienne \u00e0 la nouvelle \u00e9conomie- Essais \u00e0 l’occasion de la dixi\u00e8me universit\u00e9 d’\u00e9t\u00e9 de la nouvelle \u00e9conomie,Aix-en-Provence 1978-1987 (The Paradox of Vested Rights) <\/em>, Aix-en-Provence, Librairiede l’Universit\u00e9. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1987), ‘Le Juriste a-t-il le Droit d’Ignorer l’Economiste? (May LawyersIgnore Economists?)’, Revue de la recherche juridique <\/em>, 419-427. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1988) <\/a>, ‘L’ordre spontan\u00e9 comme fondement du droit – un survol des mod\u00e8lesde l’\u00e9mergence des r\u00e8gles dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile (Spontaneous Order as Foundation ofLaw – A Survey of Models of the Emergence of Rules in Civil Society)’, 22 <\/strong> RevueJuridique Themis <\/em>, 347-383. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1989) <\/a>, ‘L’ordre spontan\u00e9 comme fondement du droit – un survol des mod\u00e8lesde l’\u00e9mergence des r\u00c8gles dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile (Spontaneous Order as the Foundation ofLaw – A Survey of Models of the Emergence of Rules in Civil Society)’, 3 <\/strong> Revueinternationale de Droit Economique <\/em>, 247-287. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1990) <\/a>, ‘Les droits intellectuels – entre propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et monopole ([IntellectualProperty Rights – Between Property and Monopoly)’, 1 <\/strong> Revue des \u00e9conomistes et des\u00e9tudes humaines <\/em>, 61-358. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1991), ‘La propri\u00e9t\u00e9 est-elle en voie d’extinction? (Is Property about toBecome Extinct?)’, in Mackaay, Ejan (ed.), Nouvelles technologies et propri\u00e9t\u00e9 <\/em>,Montr\u00e9al, Ed. Th\u00e9mis, Paris, LITEC, 217-247. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1991), ‘Le droit saisi par le jeu (Game-Theory Applied to Law)’, Droit etSoci\u00e9t\u00e9 <\/em>, 57-81. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (ed.) (1991) <\/a>, Nouvelles technologies et propri\u00e9t\u00e9s (New Technologies andProperty) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Ed. Th\u00e9mis, Paris, LITEC. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1992), ‘Penser l’informatique g\u00e9n\u00e9tique en droit qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois (Thinking aboutGenetic Computing in Quebec Law)’, in Knoppers, Bartha Maria, Cadiet, Lo\u00d1c andLaberge, Claude M. (eds.), La g\u00e9n\u00e9tique humaine: de l’information \u00e0 l’informatisation[Human Genetics: From Information to Computerization] <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al et Paris, Th\u00e9miset LITEC, 25-38. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1992), ‘Le droit saisi par le jeu ([Game-Theory Applied to Law)’, in Ost,Fran\u00e7ois and Van De Kerkhove, Michel (eds.), Le jeu: un paradigme pour le droit <\/em>, Paris,Librairie G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, 81-110. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1992), ‘R\u00e8gle et d\u00e9cision en droit (Rule and Decision in Law)’, in Bourcier,Dani\u00e8le and Mackay, Pierre (eds.), Lire le droit – Langue, texte, cognition <\/em>, Paris,Librairie G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, 41-69. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan (1993) <\/a>, ‘Assurances sociales et responsabilit\u00e9 (Social Welfare andResponsibility)’, 4 <\/strong> Journal des \u00e9conomistes et des \u00e9tudes humaines <\/em>, 135-157. <\/p>\n

Mackaay, Ejan and Trudeau, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne (eds.) (1995) <\/a>, L’environnement – \u00e0 quel prix?(Protecting the Environment – At What Price?) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Editions Th\u00e9mis. <\/p>\n

Migu\u00e9, Jean-Luc (1956) <\/a>, Histoire des finances canadiennes, 1866-1939 (History ofCanadian Public Finances) <\/em>, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al. <\/p>\n

Migu\u00e9, Jean-Luc (1970) <\/a>, ‘Le nationalisme, l’unit\u00e9 nationale et la th\u00e9orie \u00e9conomique del’information (Nationalism, National Unity and the Economic Theory of Information)’, 3 <\/strong> Canadian Journal of Economics <\/em>, 183-198. <\/p>\n

Migu\u00e9, Jean-Luc (1971) <\/a>, Le Qu\u00e9bec d’aujourd’hui: Regards d’universitaires (Quebec Today:Perspectives from Academics) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Hurtubise HMH. <\/p>\n

Migu\u00e9, Jean-Luc (1977) <\/a>, ‘M\u00e9thodologie \u00e9conomique et \u00e9conomie non marchande (EconomicMethodology and Non-Trading Economics)’, Revue d’\u00e9conomique politique <\/em>, 506 ff. <\/p>\n

Migu\u00e9, Jean-Luc (1979), Les nationalismes au Canada: perspective \u00e9conomique(Nationalisms in Canada: An Economic Perspective) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Institut de rechercheC.D. Howe. <\/p>\n

Migu\u00e9, Jean-Luc (1979), L’\u00e9conomiste et la chose publique (The Economist and PublicPolicy) <\/em>, Sillery (QC), Presses de l’Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec. <\/p>\n

Migu\u00e9, Jean-Luc (1989) <\/a>, ‘Action positive et \u00e9galit\u00e9 des femmes au travail (AffirmativeAction and Women’s Equality in the Workplace)’, in Krauss, Michael (ed.), Actionpositive: Th\u00e9orie et cons\u00e9quences [Affirmative Action: Theory and Consequences] <\/em>,Cowansville (QC), Yvon Blais, 85-109. <\/p>\n

Migu\u00e9, Jean-Luc (1990) <\/a>, Retour au vrai f\u00e9d\u00e9ralisme: institutionnalisation de la concurrenceentre gouvernements (Return to a True Federalism: The Institutionalization ofCompetition Between Governments) <\/em>, Commission sur l’avenir politique et constitutionneldu Qu\u00e9bec (Commission B\u00e9langer-Campeau), Les avis des sp\u00e9cialistes invit\u00e9s \u00e0 r\u00e9pondreaux huit questions par la Commission (Commission B\u00e9langer-Campeau). <\/p>\n

Migu\u00e9, Jean-Luc (1994) <\/a>, Une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 scl\u00e9ros\u00e9e – Quand le mal europ\u00e9en gagne le Canada(An Ossified Society – When the European Illness Wins Over Canada) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al-Paris,L’Etincelle. <\/p>\n

Migu\u00e9, Jean-Luc and B\u00e9langer, G\u00e9rard (1972) <\/a>, Le prix de la sant\u00e9 (The Cost of Health) <\/em>,Montr\u00e9al, Hurtubise HMH. <\/p>\n

Migu\u00e9, Jean-Luc and Marceau, Richard (1989) <\/a>, Le monopole public de l’\u00e9ducation:l’\u00e9conomie politique de la m\u00e9diocrit\u00e9 (The Public Monopoly on Education: ThePolitical Economy of Mediocrity) <\/em>, Sillery (QC), Presses de l’Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec. <\/p>\n

Migu\u00e9, Jean-Luc, B\u00e9langer, G\u00e9rard and Boucher, Michel (1978) <\/a>, Le prix du transport auQu\u00e9bec (The Cost of Transport in Quebec) <\/em>, Qu\u00e9bec, Editeur officiel du Quebec. <\/p>\n

Montmarquette, Claude (1988) <\/a>, Le march\u00e9 politique : qu’est-ce qui est produit? Qui yparticipe? Qui en profite? (The Political Market: What is Produced? Who Plays? WhoProfits?) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Centre de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement en \u00e9conomique. <\/p>\n

Nadeau, Richard (1989) <\/a>, ‘La r\u00e9forme du droit des obligations – Le point de vue du Barreau duQu\u00e9bec (The Opinion of the Quebec Bar on the Reform of Contract Law)’, 30 <\/strong> Cahiersde Droit <\/em>, 647-656. <\/p>\n

Noreau, Pierre (1993) <\/a>, Droit pr\u00e9ventif – Le droit au-del\u00e0 de la loi (Preventive Law – LawBeyond Legislation) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Editions Th\u00e9mis. <\/p>\n

Pestieau, Joseph (1984) <\/a>, Guerre et paix sans Etat – Anarchie et ordre coutumier (War andPeace Outside the State – Anarchy and Customary Order) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Hexagone. <\/p>\n

Pestieau, Joseph (1989) <\/a>, ‘Droit, \u00e9thique, \u00e9conomie (Law, Ethics, Economy)’, in Lafrance,Guy (ed.), Ethique et droits fondamentaux \/ Ethics and Basic Rights <\/em>, Ottawa, Presses del’Universit\u00e9 d’Ottawa, 195-200. <\/p>\n

Sosoe, Lukas (1992) <\/a>, ‘Le contractualisme et la question des nationalit\u00e9s (Contractualism andthe Question of Nationalities)’, 19 <\/strong> Philosophiques <\/em>, 29-40. <\/p>\n

Vaillancourt, Fran\u00e7ois (1988) <\/a>, Langue et disparit\u00e9s de statut \u00e9conomique au Qu\u00e9bec, 1970et 1980 (Language and Disparities of Economic Status in Quebec, 1970 and 1980) <\/em>,Montr\u00e9al, Office de la langue fran\u00e7aise. <\/p>\n

Vaillancourt, Fran\u00e7ois (1991) <\/a>, R\u00e9ponses aux questions pos\u00e9es par la Commission sur l’avenirpolitique et constitutionnel du Qu\u00e9bec (Answers to the Questions Asked by theCommission on the Political and Constitutional Future of Quebec) <\/em>, in Commission surl’avenir politique et constitutionnel du Qu\u00e9bec (Commission B\u00e9langer-Campeau), Lesavis des sp\u00e9cialistes invit\u00e9s \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre aux huit questions par la Commission(Commission B\u00e9langer-Campeau), <\/em>Qu\u00e9bec, Editeur officiel du Quebec, 1117-1133. <\/p>\n

Vaillancourt, Fran\u00e7ois (ed.) (1985) <\/a>, Economie et langue (Economy and Language) <\/em>, Qu\u00e9bec,Editeur officiel du Quebec. <\/p>\n

Vaillancourt, Fran\u00e7ois and Carpentier, Jos\u00e9e (1989) <\/a>, Le contr\u00f4le de l’\u00e9conomie du Qu\u00e9bec:la place des francophones en 1987 et son \u00e9volution depuis 1961 (The Control of theEconomy of Quebec: The Status of Francophones in 1987 and its Evolution since1961) <\/em>, Montr\u00e9al, Office de la langue fran\u00e7aise. <\/p>\n

Other References <\/a>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Cooter, Robert and Ulen, Thomas S. (1996) <\/a>, Law and Economics, 2nd edition,Addison-Wesley. <\/p>\n<\/p>\n

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