{"id":27131,"date":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","date_gmt":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/lawandeconomics\/bibliographies\/9000-general-characteristics-of-rules.html"},"modified":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","modified_gmt":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","slug":"9000-general-characteristics-of-rules","status":"publish","type":"law_economics","link":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/lawandeconomics\/bibliographies\/9000-general-characteristics-of-rules.html","title":{"rendered":"Encyclopedia of Law &#038; Economics \u2013 9000 General Characteristics of Rules"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<ul class=\"links\">\n<li>Abrams, Howard E. (1985), &#8216;Rethinking Tax Transitions: A Reply to Dr. Shachar&#8217;, <b>98 <\/b> <em>Harvard Law Review <\/em>, 1809-1889. <\/li>\n<li>Adams, James D. and Kenny, Lawrence W. (1986), &#8216;Optimal Tenure of Elected Public Officials&#8217;, <b>29 <\/b> <em>Journal of Law and Economics <\/em>, 303-328. <\/li>\n<li>Adams, Michael (1991), &#8216;Normen, Standards, Rechte&#8217;, <em>Juristenzeitung <\/em>, 941-955. <\/li>\n<li>Adams, Michael (1993), &#8216;Norms, Standards, Rights&#8217;, <b>17(2) <\/b> <em>International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice <\/em>, 43-55. <\/li>\n<li>Adams, Michael (1994), &#8216;Rechte und Normen als Standards (Rights and Norms as Standards)&#8217;, <b>11(3) <\/b> <em>Homo Oeconomicus, \u0085konomik der Standardisierung <\/em>, 501-553. <\/li>\n<li>Alm, James (1988), &#8216;Uncertain Tax Policies, Individual Behavior, and Welfare&#8217;, <b>78 <\/b> <em>American Economic Review <\/em>, 237-245. <\/li>\n<li>Anderson, Gary M., Rowley, Charles K. and Tollison, Robert D. (1988), &#8216;Rent Seeking and the Restriction of Human Exchange&#8217;, <b>17 <\/b> <em>Journal of Legal Studies <\/em>, 83-100. <\/li>\n<li>Aranson, Peter H. (1987), &#8216;Judicial Control of the Political Branches: Public Purpose and Public Law&#8217;, in Dorn, James A. and Manne, Henry G. (eds.), <em>Economic Liberties and the Judiciary <\/em>, Fairfax, George Mason University Press, 47-110. <\/li>\n<li>Ashenfelter, Orley, Eisenberg, Theodore and Schwab, Stewart J. (1995), &#8216;Politics &amp; the Judiciary: The Influence of Judicial Background on Case Outcomes&#8217;, <b>24 <\/b> <em>Journal of Legal Studies <\/em>, 257-281. <\/li>\n<li>Baird, Douglas G. and Weisberg, Robert (1982), &#8216;Rules, Standards and the Battle of the Forms: A Reassessment of \u00a42-207&#8217;, <b>68 <\/b> <em>Virginia Law Review <\/em>, 1217-1262. <\/li>\n<li>Barnes, David W. and Stout, Lynn A. (1992), <em>Economics of Constitutional Law and Public Choice <\/em>, West Publishing. <\/li>\n<li>Baron, David P. (1988), &#8216;Regulation and Legislative Choice&#8217;, <b>19 <\/b> <em>Rand Journal of Economics <\/em>, 467-477. <\/li>\n<li>Baxter, William F. and Altree, Lillian R. (1972), &#8216;Legal Aspects of Airport Noise&#8217;, <b>15 <\/b> <em>Journal of Law and Economics <\/em>, 1-113. <\/li>\n<li>Becker, Gary S. (1985), &#8216;Public Policies, Pressure Groups, and Dead Weight Costs&#8217;, <b>28 <\/b> <em>Journal of Public Economics <\/em>, 329-347. <\/li>\n<li>Ben-Shahar, Omri (1995), &#8216;Informed Courts, Uninformed Individual and the Economics of Judicial Hindsight&#8217;, <b>151 <\/b> <em>Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics <\/em>, 613-630. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1981), &#8216;Why are Congressional Committees Dominated by `High Demand&#8217; Legislators?&#8217;, <b>48 <\/b> <em>Southern Economic Journal <\/em>, 68-77. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1981), &#8216;Land Use Regulation: A Supply and Demand Analysis of Changing Property Rights&#8217;, <b>5 <\/b> <em>Journal of Libertarian Studies <\/em>, 435-451. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div data-readmore=\"true\">\n<ul class=\"links\">\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1983), &#8216;High Demand Legislative Committees and Bureaucratic Output&#8217;, <b>11 <\/b> <em>Public Finance Quarterly <\/em>, 259-281. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1983), &#8216;Logrolling and High Demand Committee Review&#8217;, <b>41 <\/b> <em>Public Choice <\/em>, 427-434. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1983), &#8216;The Economic Theory of Regulation as an Explanation of Policies Toward Bank Mergers and Holding Company Acquisitions&#8217;, <b>28 <\/b> <em>Antitrust Bulletin <\/em>, 839-862. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1984), &#8216;Rent Seeking as a Justification for Privatization&#8217;, <b>7 <\/b> <em>Journal of Contemporary Studies <\/em>, 5-12. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1984), &#8216;Rent Seeking from a Property Rights Perspective&#8217;, <b>51 <\/b> <em>Southern Economic Journal <\/em>, 388-400. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1988), &#8216;Legal Evolution in Primitive Societies&#8217;, <b>144 <\/b> <em>Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics <\/em>, 772-788. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1989), &#8216;Further Thoughts on Rent Seeking, Bureaucratic Output, and the Price of Complements&#8217;, <b>63 <\/b> <em>Public Choice <\/em>, 279-281. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1990), &#8216;Customary Law With Private Means of Resolving Disputes and Dispensing Justice: A Description of a Modern System of Law and Order Without State Coercion&#8217;, <b>9 <\/b> <em>Journal of Libertarian Studies <\/em>, 25-42. Reprinted in as &#8220;Law and Order Without State Coercion&#8221;, in Veljanovski, Cento (ed.), Regulation, Regulators and the Market, 1991, London, Institute of Economic Affairs, 159-179. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1992), &#8216;Customary Law as a Social Contract: International Commercial Law&#8217;, <b>2 <\/b> <em>Constitutional Political Economy <\/em>, 1-27. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1992), &#8216;The Development of Criminal Law and Its Enforcement: Public Interest or Political Transfers&#8217;, <b>3 <\/b> <em>Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines <\/em>, 79-108. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1992), &#8216;Market Failure Versus Government Failure in the Production of Adjudication&#8217;, in Bowman, Gary W., Hakim, Simon. and Seidenstat, Paul (eds.), <em>Privatizing the United States Justice System: Police, Adjudication, and Corrections Services from the Private Sector <\/em>, Jefferson (NC), McFarland &amp; Co., 203-225. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1992), &#8216;The Evolution of Values and Institutions in a Free Society: The Under-Pinnings of a Market Economy&#8217;, <b>5 <\/b> <em>International Journal on the Unity of Sciences <\/em>, 411-442. Reprinted in Radnitzky, Gerard and Bouillon, Hardy (eds.), Values and the Social Order Vol.I, 1995, Aldershot, Avebury, 87-125. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1993), &#8216;The Impetus for Recognizing Private Property and Adopting Ethical Behavior in a Market Economy: Natural Law, Government Law, or Evolving Self-Interest&#8217;, <b>6 <\/b> <em>Review of Austrian Economics <\/em>, 43-80. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1994), &#8216;Third Thoughts on Contracting Out&#8217;, <b>11 <\/b> <em>Journal of Libertarian Studies <\/em>, 44-78. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1994), &#8216;Emerging From the Hobbesian Jungle: Might Takes and Makes Rights&#8217;, <b>5 <\/b> <em>Constitutional Political Economy <\/em>, 129-158. Reprinted inTranslated into Spanish and republished (1995) Las Instituciones y Los Derechos de Propiedad al Emerger de la Jungla Hobbesiana: La Fuerza Quita los Reprinted Derechos y los Crea Libertas, 12, 35-75. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1994), &#8216;Legal Philosophy&#8217;, in Boettke, Peter J. (ed.), <em>The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics <\/em>, London, Edward Elgar, 270-275. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1995), <em>Toxic Torts by Government <\/em>, Independent Policy Report, Oakland, Independent Institute. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1995), &#8216;Competition Among Legal Institutions: Implications for the Evolution of Law&#8217;, in Gerken, Luden (ed.), <em>Competition Among Institutions <\/em>, London, MacMillan, 153-175. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1995), &#8216;An Exploration of the Impact of Modern Arbitration Statutes on the Development of Arbitration in the United States&#8217;, <b>11 <\/b> <em>Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization <\/em>, 479-501. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1996), &#8216;Uncertainty, the Race for Property Rights, and Rent Dissipation due to Judicial Changes in Product Liability Tort Law&#8217;, <em>Cultural Dynamics <\/em>. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Engen, Eric M. (1988), &#8216;The Market for Laws: An Economic Analysis of Legislation&#8217;, <b>54 <\/b> <em>Southern Economic Journal <\/em>, 732-745. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Faminow, Merle D. (1984), &#8216;Rent Seeking and Supply Management in Canada&#8217;, <b>32 <\/b> <em>Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics <\/em>, 548-558. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Faminow, Merle D. (1986), &#8216;Regulatory Transfers in Canadian-American Agriculture: The Case of Supply Management&#8217;, <b>6 <\/b> <em>Cato Journal <\/em>, 271-294. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Faminow, Merle D. (1986), &#8216;The Incentives to Organize and Demand Regulation: Two Ends against the Middle&#8217;, <b>24 <\/b> <em>Economic Inquiry <\/em>, 473-484. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Greenhut, Melvin L. (1986), &#8216;Interest Groups, Bureaucrats and Antitrust: An Explanation of the Antitrust Paradox&#8217;, in Grieson, Ronald E. (ed.), <em>Antitrust and Regulation <\/em>, Lexington (MA), Lexington Books, 53-90. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Johnson, Ronald N. (1986), &#8216;The Lagged Impact of State and Local Taxes on Economic Activity and Political Behavior&#8217;, <b>24 <\/b> <em>Economic Inquiry <\/em>, 389-402. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Johnson, Ronald N. (1986), &#8216;Capital Formation and Interstate Tax Competition&#8217;, in Lee, Dwight (ed.), <em>Taxation and the Deficit Economy: Fiscal Policy and Capital Formation in the United States <\/em>, Cambridge (MA), Ballinger, 407-436. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Mitchell, Jean (1988), &#8216;Rent Seekers Who Demand Government Production: Bureaucratic Output and the Price of Complements&#8217;, <b>56 <\/b> <em>Public Choice <\/em>, 3-16. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Wollan, Laurin A., Jr. (1989), &#8216;Prison Overcrowding and Judicial Incentives&#8217;, <b>3 <\/b> <em>Madison Paper Series <\/em>, 1-22. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Wollan, Laurin A., Jr. (1991), &#8216;Increasing Judicial Responsibility Can Reduce Prison Overcrowding in America&#8217;s Prisons: Opposing Viewpoints&#8217;, in Tipp, Stacey L. (ed.), San Diego, Greenhaven Press, 139-144. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L., Greenhut, Melvin L. and Holcombe, Randall (1987), &#8216;Interest Groups and the Antitrust Paradox&#8217;, <b>6 <\/b> <em>Cato Journal <\/em>, 801-817. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L., Rasmussen, David W. and Sollars, David L. (1995), &#8216;Police Bureaucrats, Their Incentives, and the War on Drugs&#8217;, <b>83 <\/b> <em>Public Choice <\/em>, 21-45. <\/li>\n<li>Bizer, David S. and Judd, Kenneth L. (1989), &#8216;Taxation and Uncertainty&#8217;, <b>79 <\/b> <em>American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings <\/em>, 331-336. <\/li>\n<li>Blume, Lawrence and Rubinfeld, Daniel L. (1984), &#8216;Compensation for Takings: An Economic Analysis&#8217;, <b>72 <\/b> <em>California Law Review <\/em>, 569-628. <\/li>\n<li>Blume, Lawrence E. and Rubinfeld, Daniel L. (1982), &#8216;The Dynamics of Legal Process&#8217;, <b>11 <\/b> <em>Journal of Legal Studies <\/em>, 405-419. <\/li>\n<li>Blume, Lawrence, Rubinfeld, Daniel L. and Shapiro, Perry (1984), &#8216;The Taking of Land. When Should Compensation be Paid?&#8217;, <b>99 <\/b> <em>Quarterly Journal of Economics <\/em>, 71-92. <\/li>\n<li>Blumenthal, Marsha and Slemrod, Joel B. (1992), &#8216;The Compliance Cost of the U.S. Individual Income Tax System: A Second Look After Tax Reform&#8217;, <b>45 <\/b> <em>National Tax Journal <\/em>, 185-202. <\/li>\n<li>Bouckaert, Boudewijn and Sch\u008afer, Hans-Bernd (1995), &#8216;Mistake of Law and the Economics of Legal Information&#8217;, in Bouckaert, Boudewijn and De Geest, Gerrit (eds.), <em>Essays in Law and Economics II: Contract Law, Regulation, and Reflections on Law &amp; Economics <\/em>, Antwerpen, Maklu, 217-245. <\/li>\n<li>Bradford, C. Steven (1990), &#8216;Following Dead Precedent: The Supreme Court&#8217;s Ill-Advised Rejection of Anticipatory Overruling&#8217;, <b>59 <\/b> <em>Fordham Law Review <\/em>, 39-90. <\/li>\n<li>Bradford, David F. (1996), &#8216;Consumption Taxes: Some Fundamental Transition Issues&#8217;, in Boskin, Michael J. (ed.), <em>Frontiers of Tax Reform <\/em>, Stanford, Hoover Institute Press, Stanford University. <\/li>\n<li>Brenner, Reuven (1990), &#8216;Pays de L&#8217;est: d&#8217;abord les r\u008eformes l\u008egales, ensuite les politiques mon\u008etaires et macro\u008economiques (Eastern European Countries: First the Legal Reforms, Then the Monetary and Macroeconomic Policies)&#8217;, <b>1 <\/b> <em>Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines: Bilingual Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies <\/em>, 253-277. <\/li>\n<li>Brinig, Margaret F., Holcombe, Randall G. and Schwartzstein, Linda A. (1993), &#8216;Public Choice and Lobbying Regulation&#8217;, <b>74 <\/b> <em>Public Choice <\/em>, 377-384. <\/li>\n<li>Buchanan, James M. and Tullock, Gordon (1962), <em>The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy <\/em>, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. <\/li>\n<li>Butler, Henry N. and Ribstein, Larry E. (1990), &#8216;Opting Out of Fiduciary Duties: A Response to the Anti-Contractarians&#8217;, <b>65 <\/b> <em>Washington Law Review <\/em>, 1 ff. <\/li>\n<li>Calfee, John E. and Craswell, Richard (1984), &#8216;Some Effects of Uncertainty on Compliance with Legal Standards&#8217;, <b>70 <\/b> <em>Virginia Law Review <\/em>, 965-1003. <\/li>\n<li>Capelletti, Mauro (1989), <em>The Judicial Process in Comparative Perspective <\/em>, Oxford, Clarendon. <\/li>\n<li>Cassone, Alberto and Marchese, Carla (1994), &#8216;Indulgenze religiose: un&#8217;analisi economica&#8217;, <b>2-3 <\/b> <em>Economia delle scelte pubbliche <\/em>, 191-209. <\/li>\n<li>Cooter, Robert D. (1993), &#8216;Against Legal Centrism: Review of Robert C. Ellickson&#8217;s Order Without Law&#8217;, <em>California Law Review <\/em>, 417 ff. <\/li>\n<li>Cooter, Robert D. (1994), &#8216;Decentralized Law for A Complex Economy&#8217;, <b>23 <\/b> <em>Southwestern Law Review, Hayek Symposium <\/em>, 443-451. <\/li>\n<li>Cooter, Robert D. (1994), &#8216;Void for Vagueness: Introduction to a Symposium&#8217;, <b>82 <\/b> <em>California Law Review <\/em>, 487-490. <\/li>\n<li>Cooter, Robert D. (1994), &#8216;Structural Adjudication and the New Law Merchant: A Model of Decentralized Law&#8217;, <b>14 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 215-231. Reprinted under the title, &#8220;The Structural Approach to Decentralizing Law: A Theory of Games and Norms,&#8221; in a book edited by Gerard Hertig. <\/li>\n<li>Cooter, Robert D. (1996), &#8216;Decentralized Law for a Complex Economy: The Structural Approach to Adjudicating the New Law Merchant&#8217;, <em>University of Pennsylvania Law Review <\/em>. <\/li>\n<li>Cordes, Joseph J. and Weisbrod, Burton A. (1979), &#8216;Governmental Behavior in Response to Compensation Requirements&#8217;, <b>11 <\/b> <em>Journal of Public Economics <\/em>, 47-58. <\/li>\n<li>Coulange, Pierre (1990), <em>Analyse \u008economique de la production de droit (Economic Analysis od the Production of Legal Rules], Ph.D., Aix-en-Provence, Universit\u008e d&#8217;Aix-Marseille III, Facult\u008e d&#8217;Economie Appliqu\u008ee,) <\/em>,. <\/li>\n<li>Coulange, Pierre (1990), &#8216;La production de droit (The Production of Legal Rules)&#8217;, <b>3 <\/b> <em>Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines <\/em>, 277-302. <\/li>\n<li>Crain, W. Mark (1979), &#8216;Cost and Output in the Legislative Firm&#8217;, <b>8 <\/b> <em>Journal of Legal Studies <\/em>, 607-621. <\/li>\n<li>Craswell, Richard and Calfee, John E. (1986), &#8216;Deterrence and Uncertain Legal Standards&#8217;, <b>2 <\/b> <em>Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization <\/em>, 279-303. <\/li>\n<li>Culp, Jerome M. (1987), &#8216;Foreword&#8217;, <b>50(4) <\/b> <em>Law and Contemporary Problems <\/em>, 1-16. <\/li>\n<li>Curran, Christopher (1992), &#8216;The Spread of Comparative Negligence in the United States&#8217;, <b>12 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 317-332. <\/li>\n<li>Curran, Christopher and Dwyer, Gerald P., Jr. (1989), &#8216;The Effect of the Double Nickel Speed Limit on Death Rates&#8217;, in Faure, Michael and Van Den Bergh, Roger (eds.), <em>Essays in Law and Economics. Corporations, Accident Prevention and Compensation for Losses <\/em>, Antwerpen, Maklu, 117-156. <\/li>\n<li>David, Ren\u008e and Brierley, John E.C. (1985), <em>Major Legal Systems in the World Today, 3rd Edition <\/em>, New York, Free Press. <\/li>\n<li>Diver, Colin S. (1983), &#8216;The Optimal Precision of Administrative Rules&#8217;, <b>93 <\/b> <em>Yale Law Journal <\/em>, 65-109. <\/li>\n<li>Doernberg, Richard L. and McChesney, Fred S. (1987), &#8216;On the Accelerating Rate and Decreasing Durability of Tax Reform&#8217;, <b>71 <\/b> <em>Minnesota Law Review <\/em>, 913-962. <\/li>\n<li>Easterbrook, Frank H. (1983), &#8216;Statutes&#8217; Domains&#8217;, <b>50 <\/b> <em>University of Chicago Law Review <\/em>, 533-552. <\/li>\n<li>Easterbrook, Frank H. (1985), &#8216;Method, Result and Authority: A Reply&#8217;, <b>98 <\/b> <em>Harvard Law Review <\/em>, 622-629. <\/li>\n<li>Ehrlich, Isaac and Posner, Richard A. (1974), &#8216;An Economic Analysis of Legal Rulemaking&#8217;, <b>3 <\/b> <em>Journal of Legal Studies <\/em>, 257-286. <\/li>\n<li>Eisenberg, Melvin Aron (1988), <em>The Nature of the Common Law <\/em>, Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press, 204 p. <\/li>\n<li>Elhauge, Einer Richard and Bundy Stephen M. (1993), &#8216;Knowledge About Legal Sanctions&#8217;, <b>92 <\/b> <em>Michigan Law Review <\/em>, 201 ff. <\/li>\n<li>Epstein, Richard (1995), <em>Simple Rules for a Complex World <\/em>, Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press. <\/li>\n<li>Feldstein, Martin (1976), &#8216;Compensation in Tax Reform&#8217;, <b>29 <\/b> <em>National Tax Journal <\/em>, 123-130. <\/li>\n<li>Fisch, Jill E. (1997), &#8216;Retroactivity and Legal Change: An Equilibrium Approach&#8217;, <b>110 <\/b> <em>Harvard Law Review <\/em>, 1055-1123. <\/li>\n<li>Fishel, William A. and Shapiro, Perry (1989), &#8216;A Constitutional Choice Model of Compensation for Takings&#8217;, <b>9 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 115-128. <\/li>\n<li>Geelhoed, L.A. (1983), <em>De interveni\u0091rende staat (The Intervening State) <\/em>, s-Gravenhage, Staatsuitgeverij. <\/li>\n<li>Gould, John P. 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