{"id":27128,"date":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","date_gmt":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/lawandeconomics\/bibliographies\/8500-corruption.html"},"modified":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","modified_gmt":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","slug":"8500-corruption","status":"publish","type":"law_economics","link":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/lawandeconomics\/bibliographies\/8500-corruption.html","title":{"rendered":"Encyclopedia of Law &#038; Economics \u2013 8500 Corruption"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<ul class=\"links\">\n<li>Adams, G. (1981), <em>The Politics of Defense Contracting &#8211; The Iron Triangle <\/em>, New Brunswick (NJ), Transaction. <\/li>\n<li>Adams, G. (1991), <em>Odious debts &#8211; loose lending, corruption and the Third World&#8217;s environmental legacy <\/em>, London, Earthscan Publications. <\/li>\n<li>Adediji, O. (1991), &#8216;Role of Government in Bureaucratic Corruption in the Case of Politicisation of the Civil Service&#8217;, <b>25(2) <\/b> <em>Quarterly Journal of Admininistration <\/em>, 208-219. <\/li>\n<li>Ades, A. and Di Tella, R., <em>Competition and Corruption <\/em>, Applied Economics Discussion Paper, University of Oxford, UK, No. 169. <\/li>\n<li>Ades, A. and Di Tella, R. (1998), &#8216;National Champions and Corruption: Some Unpleasant Interventionist Arithmetic&#8217;, <em>Economic Journal <\/em>. <\/li>\n<li>Alam, M. Shahid (1989), &#8216;Anatomy of Corruption: An Approach to the Political Economy of Underdevelopment&#8217;, <b>48(4) <\/b> <em>American Journal of Economics and Sociology <\/em>, 441-456. <\/li>\n<li>Alam, M. Shahid (1990), &#8216;Some Economic Costs of Corruption in LDCs&#8217;, <b>27(1) <\/b> <em>Journal of Development Studies <\/em>, 89-97. <\/li>\n<li>Alam, M. Shahid (1995), &#8216;A Theory of Limits on Corruption and Some Applications&#8217;, <b>48(3) <\/b> <em>Kyklos <\/em>, 419-435. <\/li>\n<li>Alatas, S. H. (1990), <em>Corruption &#8211; its Nature, Causes and Functions <\/em>, Aldershot, Avebury. <\/li>\n<li>Ali, S. (1985), <em>Corruption: a Third World Perspective <\/em>, Lahore, Aziz Publishers. <\/li>\n<li>Amuwo, K. (1986), &#8216;Military-Inspired Anti-Bureaucratic Corruption Campaigns: an Appraisal of Niger&#8217;s Experience&#8217;, <b>24(2) <\/b> <em>Journal of Modern African Studies <\/em>, 285-301. <\/li>\n<li>Andreski, S. (1978), &#8216;Kleptocracy as a System of Government in Africa&#8217;, in Heidenheimer, Arnold J., Jophnson, Michael, and Le Vine, Victor (eds.), <em>Political Corruption: A Handbook <\/em>, New Brunswick (NJ), Transaction Press. <\/li>\n<li>Andvig, Jens C. (1989), &#8216;Korrupsjon i Utviklingsland (Corruption in Developing Countries)&#8217;, <b>23 <\/b> <em>Nordisk Tidsskrift f\u009ar Politisk Ekonomi <\/em>, 51-70. <\/li>\n<li>Andvig, Jens C. (1991), &#8216;The Economics of Corruption: A Survey&#8217;, <b>46(43) <\/b> <em>Studi Economici <\/em>, 57-94. <\/li>\n<li>Andvig, Jens C. (1995), &#8216;Corruption in the North Sea Oil Industry: Issues and Assessment&#8217;, <b>23 <\/b> <em>Crime, Law and Social Change <\/em>, 289-313. <\/li>\n<li>Andvig, Jens C. and Moene, Karl Ove (1990), &#8216;How Corruption May Corrupt&#8217;, <b>13(1) <\/b> <em>Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization <\/em>, 63-76. <\/li>\n<li>Anechiarico, F. and Jacobs, James B. (1994), &#8216;Visions of Corruption Control and the Evolution of American Public Administration&#8217;, <b>54 <\/b> <em>Public Administration Review <\/em>, 465-473. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div data-readmore=\"true\">\n<ul class=\"links\">\n<li>Antoci, Angelo and Sacco, Pier Luigi (1995), &#8216;A Public Contracting Evolutionary Game with Corruption&#8217;, <b>61(2) <\/b> <em>Journal of Economics (Zeitschrift f\u009fr National\u009akonomie) <\/em>, 89-122. <\/li>\n<li>Bac, M. (1996), &#8216;Corruption and Supervision Costs in Hierarchies&#8217;, <b>22 <\/b> <em>Journal of Comparative Economics <\/em>, 99-118. <\/li>\n<li>Bac, M. (1996), &#8216;Corruption, Supervision and the Structure of Hierarchies&#8217;, <b>12 <\/b> <em>Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization <\/em>, 277-298. <\/li>\n<li>Bac, M. (1998), &#8216;The Scope, Timing, and Type of Corruption&#8217;, <b>12 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 277-298. <\/li>\n<li>Banfield, Edward C. (1975), &#8216;Corruption as a Feature of Governmental Organization&#8217;, <b>18 <\/b> <em>Journal of Law and Economics <\/em>, 587-605. <\/li>\n<li>Basu, Kaushik, Bhattacharya, Sudipto and Mishra, Ajit (1992), &#8216;Notes on Bribery and the Control of Corruption&#8217;, <b>48(3) <\/b> <em>Journal of Public Economics <\/em>, 349-359. <\/li>\n<li>Beck, P.J. and Maher, M. W. (1986), &#8216;A Comparison of Bribery and Bidding in Thin Markets&#8217;, <b>20 <\/b> <em>Economics Letters <\/em>, 1-5. <\/li>\n<li>Beenstock, Michael (1979), &#8216;Corruption and Development&#8217;, <b>7(1) <\/b> <em>World Development <\/em>, 15-24. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1981), &#8216;A Note on Corruption of Public Officials: The Black Market for Property Rights&#8217;, <b>5 <\/b> <em>Journal of Libertarian Studies <\/em>, 305-311. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1988), &#8216;Corruption in Law Enforcement: One Consequence of &#8220;The Tragedy of the Commons&#8221; Arising with Public Allocation Processes&#8217;, <b>8 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 73-84. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1988), &#8216;An Institutional Explanation for Corruption of Criminal Justice Officials&#8217;, <b>8(1) <\/b> <em>Cato Journal <\/em>, 139-163. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Baden, John A. (1985), &#8216;The Political Economy of Government Corruption: The Logic of Underground Government&#8217;, <b>14 <\/b> <em>Journal of Legal Studies <\/em>, 391-410. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Rasmussen, David W. (1995), <em>Illicit Drugs and Crime <\/em>, Independent Policy Report, Oakland, Independent Institute. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, G. C. S. (1978), <em>Political Corruption in America <\/em>, Lexington (MA), Lexington Books. <\/li>\n<li>Besley, T. and McClaren, J. (1993), &#8216;Taxes and Bribery: the Role of Wage Incentives&#8217;, <b>103 <\/b> <em>Economic Journal <\/em>, 119-141. <\/li>\n<li>Blomqvist, Ake and Mohammad, Sharif (1986), &#8216;Controls, Corruption, and Competitive Rent Seeking in LDCs&#8217;, <b>21(1) <\/b> <em>Journal of Development Economics <\/em>, 161-180. <\/li>\n<li>Bouckaert, Boudewijn (1996), &#8216;Political Corruption&#8217;, <b>Sept. &#8217;96 <\/b> <em>Mimeo <\/em>. <\/li>\n<li>Bowles, Roger A. (1998), &#8216;Minimising Corruption in Tax Affairs&#8217;, in Sandford, Cedric (ed.), <em>More key issues in tax reform <\/em>, Bath, U.K., Fiscal Publications. <\/li>\n<li>Bowles, Roger A. and Garoupa, Nuno (1997), &#8216;Casual Police Corruption and the Economics of Crime&#8217;, <b>17 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 75-87. <\/li>\n<li>Bowles, Roger A. and Garoupa, Nuno (1997), &#8216;Casual Police Corruption and the Economics of Crime&#8217;, <b>17 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 85-87. <\/li>\n<li>Brenner, Reuven (1994), <em>Labyrinths of Prosperity <\/em>, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. <\/li>\n<li>Brooks, R. C. (1978), &#8216;The Nature of Political Corruption&#8217;, in Heidenheimer, Arnold J., Jophnson, Michael, and Le Vine, Victor (eds.), <em>Political Corruption: A Handbook <\/em>, New Brunswick (NJ), Transaction Press. <\/li>\n<li>Buscaglia, Edgardo (1995), &#8216;Judicial Reform in Latin America: The Obstacles Ahead&#8217;, <b>4(2) <\/b> <em>Journal of Latin American Affairs <\/em>, 8-16. <\/li>\n<li>Cadot, Olivier (1987), &#8216;Corruption as a Gamble&#8217;, <b>33(2) <\/b> <em>Journal of Public Economics <\/em>, 223-244. <\/li>\n<li>Carino, Ledivina V. (ed.) (1986), <em>Bureaucratic Corruption in Asia: Causes, Consequences, and Controls <\/em>, Quezon City, Philippines, JMC Press. <\/li>\n<li>Chander, Parkash and Wilde, Louis L. (1992), &#8216;Corruption in Tax Administration&#8217;, <b>49(3) <\/b> <em>Journal of Public Economics <\/em>, 333-349. <\/li>\n<li>Chang, Ching Hsi (1995), &#8216;Party Enterprises, Members&#8217; Ethics, and Party Corruption: An Application of the Rotten Kid Theorem (In Chinese, with English summary)&#8217;, <b>23(1) <\/b> <em>Taiwan Economic Review <\/em>, 25-42. <\/li>\n<li>Charlick, R. (1992), &#8216;Combatting Corruption in an Era of Political Liberalization &#8211; Implications for Donor Agencies&#8217;, <b>7(3) <\/b> <em>Corruption and Reform <\/em>, 283 ff. <\/li>\n<li>Chu, C. Y. Cyrus (1990), &#8216;Income Tax Evasion with Venal Tax Officials &#8211; the Case of Developing Countries&#8217;, <b>45(3) <\/b> <em>Public Finance <\/em>, 392-408. <\/li>\n<li>Clarke, M. (1983), <em>Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Control <\/em>, London, Frances Pinter. <\/li>\n<li>Clutterbuck, R. (1995), <em>Drugs, Crime and Corruption: Thinking the Unthinkable <\/em>, Basingstoke, MacMillan. <\/li>\n<li>Coldham, S. (1995), &#8216;Legal responses to State Corruption in Commonwealth Africa&#8217;, <b>39 <\/b> <em>Journal of African Law <\/em>, 115-126. <\/li>\n<li>Dernburg, Thomas F. (1992), &#8216;A Note on Data Corruption and Monetary Fiscal Policy Regimes&#8217;, <b>16(2) <\/b> <em>Journal of Economics and Finance <\/em>, 147-153. <\/li>\n<li>Dey, Harendra Kanti (1989), &#8216;The Genesis and Spread of Economic Corruption: A Microtheoretic Interpretation&#8217;, <b>17(4) <\/b> <em>World Development <\/em>, 503-511. <\/li>\n<li>Deysine, A. (1980), &#8216;Political Corruption: a Review of the Literature&#8217;, <b>8 <\/b> <em>European Journal of Political Research <\/em>, 447-462. <\/li>\n<li>Doig, A. (1984), &#8216;Corruption and Misconduct in Contemporary British Politics&#8217;, <em> <\/em>. <\/li>\n<li>Doig, A. (1995), &#8216;Good Government and Sustainable Anti-corrupton Strategies: a Role for Independent Anti-Corruption Agencies?&#8217;, <b>15 <\/b> <em>Public Administration and Development <\/em>, 151-166. <\/li>\n<li>Dudley, Leonard and Montmarquette, Claude (1987), &#8216;Bureaucratic Corruption as a Constraint on Voter Choice&#8217;, <b>55(12) <\/b> <em>Public Choice <\/em>, 127-160. <\/li>\n<li>Ekpo, M. (1979), <em>Bureaucratic Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa: Toward a Search of Causes and Consequences <\/em>, Washington, University Press of America. <\/li>\n<li>Elliott, K. (ed.) (1997), <em>Corruption in the World Economy <\/em>, Washington, D.C., Institute for International Economics. <\/li>\n<li>Farrell, A. (1992), <em>Crime, Class and Corruption &#8211; the Politics of the Police <\/em>, London, Bookmarks. <\/li>\n<li>Feichtinger, Gustav and Wirl, Franz (1994), &#8216;On the Stability and Potential Cyclicity of Corruption in Governments Subject to Popularity Constraints&#8217;, <b>28(2) <\/b> <em>Mathematical Social Sciences <\/em>, 113-131. <\/li>\n<li>Fennell, P. (1983), &#8216;Local Government Corruption in England and Wales&#8217;, in Clarke, M. (ed.). <\/li>\n<li>Fennell, P. and Thomas, P. (1983), &#8216;Corruption in England and Wales: an Historical Analysis&#8217;, <b>11 <\/b> <em>International Journal of the Sociology of Law <\/em>, 167-189. <\/li>\n<li>Flatters, Frank and MacLeod, W. Bentley (1995), &#8216;Administrative Corruption and Taxation&#8217;, <b>2 <\/b> <em>International Tax and Public Finance <\/em>, 397-417. <\/li>\n<li>Franklin, Daniel (1981), &#8216;Bribery and Corruption in East West Trade&#8217;, <b>23(3-4) <\/b> <em>ACES Bulletin <\/em>, 1-71. <\/li>\n<li>Friedman, Alan E. and Schwartz, T. (1990), &#8216;Power and Greed &#8211; inside the Teamsters Empire of Corruption&#8217;, <b>5 <\/b> <em>Corruption and Reform <\/em>. <\/li>\n<li>Galasi, P\u008eter and Kertesi, G\u0087bor (1990), &#8216;Korrupci\u0097 \u008es tulajdon, Tanulm\u0087ny a tulajdonjogok k\u009azgazdas\u0087gtan\u0087nak k\u009areb\u009al (Corruption and Property)&#8217;, <b>4 <\/b> <em>K\u009azgazdas\u0087gi Szemle <\/em>, 389-425. <\/li>\n<li>Galeotti, Ginaluigi and Merlo, A. (1994), &#8216;Political Collusion and Corruption in a Representative Democracy&#8217;, <b>49(S) <\/b> <em>Public Finance <\/em>, 232-243. <\/li>\n<li>Gambetta, Diego (1993), <em>The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection <\/em>, Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press. <\/li>\n<li>Gardiner, J. A. (1986), &#8216;Controlling Official Corruption and Fraud [in the US]: Bureaucratic Incentives and Disincentives&#8217;, <b>1 <\/b> <em>Corruption and Reform <\/em>, 33-50. <\/li>\n<li>Garoupa, Nuno and Bowles, R. (1997), &#8216;Casual Police Corruption and the Economics of Crime&#8217;, <b>17 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 1-16. <\/li>\n<li>Gleason, G. (1995), &#8216;Corruption, Decolonization and Development in Central Asia&#8217;, <b>3 <\/b> <em>European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research <\/em>, 38-47. <\/li>\n<li>Goodman, Timothy (1994), &#8216;Political Corruption: The Payoff Diminishes&#8217;, <b>5(5) <\/b> <em>American Enterprise <\/em>, 19-27. <\/li>\n<li>Goswami, O., Sanyal, A. and Gang, I. N. (1991), <em>Taxes, Corruption and Bribes &#8211; a Model of Indian Public Finance in Markets in Developing Countries &#8211; Parallel, Fragmented and Black <\/em>, San Francisco, ICS Press. <\/li>\n<li>Gould, David J. (1980), <em>Bureaucratic Corruption and Underdevelopment in the Third World: the Case of Zaire <\/em>, New York, Pergamon Press. <\/li>\n<li>Gould, David J. and Amaro Reyes, Jose A., <em>The Effects of Corruption on Administrative Performance <\/em>, World Bank Staff Working Paper, Washington, DC, The World Bank, No. 580. <\/li>\n<li>Graetz, Michael J., Reinganum, Jennifer F. and Wilde, L.L. (1986), &#8216;The Tax Compliance Game: toward an Interactive Theory of Law Enforcement&#8217;, <b>22 <\/b> <em>Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization <\/em>, 1-32. <\/li>\n<li>Gray, C. W. and Kaufmann, D. (1998), &#8216;Corruption and Development&#8217;, <b>35 <\/b> <em>Finance and Development <\/em>, 7-10. <\/li>\n<li>Grayson, G. M. (1984), &#8216;An Overdose of Corruption: the Domestic Politics of Mexican Oil&#8217;, <b>13 <\/b> <em>Caribbean Review <\/em>, 22-49. <\/li>\n<li>Halayya, M. (1985), <em>Corruption in India <\/em>, New Delhi, Affiliated East-West Press. <\/li>\n<li>Hasen, Richard L. (1993), &#8216;An Enriched Economic Model of Political Patronage and Campaign Contributions: Revising Supreme Court Jurisprudence&#8217;, <b>14 <\/b> <em>Cardozo Law Review <\/em>, 1311 ff. <\/li>\n<li>Heidenheimer, A. J. (1978), <em>Political Corruption: Readings in Comparitive Analysis <\/em>, New York, Rinehart &amp; Winston. <\/li>\n<li>Hepworth, N. (1995), &#8216;Fraud and Corruption&#8217;, <b>15 <\/b> <em>Public Money and Management <\/em>, 4-6. <\/li>\n<li>Huang, Peter H. and Wu, Ho-Mou (1994), &#8216;More Order without More Law: A Theory of Social Norms and Organizational Cultures&#8217;, <b>10 <\/b> <em>Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization <\/em>, 390-406. <\/li>\n<li>Hutchinson, John (1969), &#8216;The Anatomy of Corruption in Trade Unions&#8217;, <b>8(2) <\/b> <em>Industrial Relations <\/em>, 135-150. <\/li>\n<li>Jacobs, James B. and Thacher, Thomas D., II (1989), &#8216;Attacking Corruption in Union Management Relations: A Symposium&#8217;, <b>42(4) <\/b> <em>Industrial and Labor Relations Review <\/em>, 501-507. <\/li>\n<li>Jacoby, N., Nehemkis, P. and Eells, R. (1977), <em>Bribery and Extortion in World Business <\/em>, New York, MacMillan. <\/li>\n<li>Jagannathan, N. Vijay (1986), &#8216;Corruption, Delivery Systems, and Property Rights&#8217;, <b>14(1) <\/b> <em>World Development <\/em>, 127-132. <\/li>\n<li>Jagannathan, N. Vijay (1988), &#8216;Corruption, Delivery Systems and Property Rights: Rejoinder&#8217;, <b>16(11) <\/b> <em>World Development <\/em>, 1393-1394. <\/li>\n<li>Jain, R. B. (1983), &#8216;Fighting Political Corruption: the Indian Experience&#8217;, <b>3 <\/b> <em>Calcutta Journal of Political Studies <\/em>, 1-22. <\/li>\n<li>Jones, P. (1993), <em>Combatting Fraud and Corruption in the Public Sector <\/em>, London, Chapman and Hall. <\/li>\n<li>Kaminsky, A. Z. (1989), &#8216;Coercion, Corruption and Reform &#8211; State and Society in the Soviet-type Socialist Regime&#8217;, <b>1 <\/b> <em>Journal of Theoretical Politics <\/em>, 77-102. <\/li>\n<li>Kaufer, Erich (1989), &#8216;Market Clearing by Corruption: The Political Economy of China&#8217;s Recent Economic Reforms: Comment&#8217;, <b>145 <\/b> <em>Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics <\/em>, 127-129. <\/li>\n<li>Kennedy, William P. (1989), &#8216;Market Clearing by Corruption: The Political Economy of China&#8217;s Recent Economic Reforms: Comment&#8217;, <b>145 <\/b> <em>Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics <\/em>, 130-132. <\/li>\n<li>Klitgaard, Robert (1984), &#8216;Managing the Fight against Corruption: a Case Study&#8217;, <b>4 <\/b> <em>Public Administration and Development <\/em>, 77-98. <\/li>\n<li>Klitgaard, Robert (1988), <em>Controlling Corruption <\/em>, Berkeley, University of California Press, 220 p. <\/li>\n<li>Klitgaard, Robert (1990), <em>Tropical Gangsters <\/em>, New York, Basic Books. <\/li>\n<li>Klitgaard, Robert (1991), &#8216;Gifts and Bribes&#8217;, in Zeckhauser, R. ( ed.), <em>Strategy and Choice <\/em>, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. <\/li>\n<li>Klitgaard, Robert (1998), &#8216;International Cooperation Against Corruption&#8217;, <b>35 <\/b> <em>Finance and Development <\/em>, 3-6. <\/li>\n<li>Kolenda, H. (1990), &#8216;One Party, Two Systems &#8211; Corruption in the People&#8217;s Republic of China and Attempts to Control it&#8217;, <b>4 <\/b> <em>Journal of Chinese Law <\/em>, 187-232. <\/li>\n<li>Kotecha, K. C. and Adams, R.W. (1981), <em>African Politics: the Corruption of Power <\/em>, Washington, University Press of America. <\/li>\n<li>Kowalewski, D., Leitko, T. and Leonard Rosen (1991), &#8216;Revolving Doors, Corporate Performance and Corruption of Markets&#8217;, <b>18 <\/b> <em>Critical Sociology <\/em>, 92-110. <\/li>\n<li>Kurer, Oskar (1993), &#8216;Clientelism, Corruption, and the Allocation of Resources&#8217;, <b>77(2) <\/b> <em>Public Choice <\/em>, 259-273. <\/li>\n<li>Lambert-Mogiliansky, A. (1995), &#8216;Indirect Monitoring and Corruption&#8217;, <em>Mimeo, Stockholm University <\/em>. <\/li>\n<li>Le Vine, V. T. (1975), <em>Political Corruption: the Ghana Case <\/em>, Stanford, Hoover Institute Press, Stanford University. <\/li>\n<li>Lee, Barbara A. and Chelius, James R. (1989), &#8216;Government Regulation of Labor Management Corruption: The Casino Industry Experience in New Jersey&#8217;, <b>42(4) <\/b> <em>Industrial and Labor Relations Review <\/em>, 536-548. <\/li>\n<li>Leff, N. (1964), &#8216;Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption&#8217;, <b>1964 <\/b> <em>American Behavioral Scientist <\/em>, 8-14. <\/li>\n<li>Lewis, D. J. 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(1991), &#8216;Drug Lords and Narco-Corruption &#8211; the Players Change but the Game Continues&#8217;, <b>16 <\/b> <em>Crime, Law and Social Change <\/em>, 41-58. <\/li>\n<li>MacRae, John (1982), &#8216;Underdevelopment and the Economics of Corruption: A Game Theory Approach&#8217;, <b>10(8) <\/b> <em>World Development <\/em>, 677-687. <\/li>\n<li>Magnusson, Lars (1989), &#8216;Corruption and Civic Order Natural Law and Economic Discourse in Sweden during the Age of Freedom&#8217;, <b>37(2) <\/b> <em>Scandinavian Economic History Review <\/em>, 78-105. <\/li>\n<li>Maingot, Anthony P. (1994), &#8216;Confronting Corruption in the Hemisphere: A Sociological Perspective&#8217;, <b>36(3) <\/b> <em>Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs <\/em>, 49-74. <\/li>\n<li>Makumbe, J. (1994), &#8216;Bureaucratic Corruption in Zimbabwe: Causes and Magnitude of the Problem&#8217;, <b>19 <\/b> <em>Africa Development <\/em>, 45-60. <\/li>\n<li>Marjit, S. (1997), &#8216;On Controlling Crime with Corrupt Officials&#8217;, <b>34 <\/b> <em>Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization <\/em>, 163-172. <\/li>\n<li>Mauro, Paolo, <em>The Effects of Corruption on Growth, Investment, and Government Expenditure <\/em>, IMF Working Paper, Washington, IMF, No. 96\/98. 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