{"id":27126,"date":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","date_gmt":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/lawandeconomics\/bibliographies\/8300-the-economics-of-prisons.html"},"modified":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","modified_gmt":"2017-01-09T13:45:38","slug":"8300-the-economics-of-prisons","status":"publish","type":"law_economics","link":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/lawandeconomics\/bibliographies\/8300-the-economics-of-prisons.html","title":{"rendered":"Encyclopedia of Law &#038; Economics \u2013 8300 The Economics of Prisons"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<ul class=\"links\">\n<li>Adler, Jacob (1991), <em>The Urgings of Conscience: A theory of Punishment <\/em>, Philadelphia (PA), Temple University Press. <\/li>\n<li>Akerlof, George A. and Yellen, Janet L. (1994), &#8216;Gang Behavior, Law Enforcement, and Community Values&#8217;, in Aaron, Henry J., Mann, Thomas E. and Taylor, Timothy (eds.), <em>Values and Public Policy <\/em>, Washington, Brookings Institution, 173-209. <\/li>\n<li>Andrews, Marcellus (1993), &#8216;Schools, Jails and the Dynamics of an Educational Underclass: Some Dreadful Social Arithmetic&#8217;, <b>22 <\/b> <em>Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization <\/em>, 121-132. <\/li>\n<li>Avio, Kenneth L. (1973), &#8216;An Economic Analysis of Criminal Corrections: The Canadian Case&#8217;, <b>6 <\/b> <em>Canadian Journal of Economics <\/em>, 164-178. <\/li>\n<li>Avio, Kenneth L. (1975), &#8216;Recidivism in the Economic Model of Crime&#8217;, <b>13 <\/b> <em>Economic Inquiry <\/em>, 450-456. <\/li>\n<li>Avio, Kenneth L. (1991), &#8216;On Private Prisons: An Economic Analysis of the Model Contract and Model Statute for Private Incarceration&#8217;, <b>17 <\/b> <em>New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement <\/em>, 265-300. <\/li>\n<li>Avio, Kenneth L. (1993), &#8216;Remuneration Regimes for Private Prisons&#8217;, <b>13 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 35-45. <\/li>\n<li>Avio, Kenneth L. (1993), &#8216;Economic, Retributive and Contractarian Conceptions of Punishment&#8217;, <b>12 <\/b> <em>Law and Philosophy <\/em>, 249-286. <\/li>\n<li>Avio, Kenneth L. (1995), &#8216;Economic, Contractarian and Discourse Arguments against Efficient Torture&#8217;, in Peczenik, Aleksander and Karlsson, Mikael M. (eds.), <em>Archives on Rights and Social Philosophy 58, &#8216;Law, Justice and the State:I&#8217; <\/em>, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner, 265-272. <\/li>\n<li>Barnes, Harry Elmer (1921), &#8216;The Economics of American Penology as Illustrated by the Experience of the State of Pennsylvania&#8217;, <b>8 <\/b> <em>Journal of Political Economy <\/em>, 617-642. <\/li>\n<li>Barnett, Randy E. (1993), <em>The Function of Restitutive Justice, Law and Economics Workshop Series Paper, 9 <\/em>, Toronto, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto. <\/li>\n<li>Becker, Gary S. (1968), &#8216;Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach&#8217;, <b>76 <\/b> <em>Journal of Political Economy <\/em>, 169-217. <\/li>\n<li>Becker, Gary S. (1996), &#8216;Norms and the Formation of Preferences&#8217;, in Becker, Gary S. (ed.), <em>Accounting for Tastes <\/em>, Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press, 225-230. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L (1990), <em>The Enterprise of Law: Justice Without the State <\/em>, San Francisco, Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1991), <em>Lack of Cooperation in Law Enforcement: Public Good Free Riding or Common Pool Under-Investment? <\/em>, Department of Economics Working Paper, Tallahassee (FL), Florida State University, No. 91-03-9. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1992), &#8216;The Development of Criminal Law and Its Enforcement: Public Interest or Political Transfers&#8217;, <b>3 <\/b> <em>Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines <\/em>, 79-108. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1994), &#8216;Third Thoughts on Contracting Out&#8217;, <b>11 <\/b> <em>Journal of Libertarian Studies <\/em>, 44-78. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div data-readmore=\"true\">\n<ul class=\"links\">\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1995), &#8216;Appendix (Oakland, Independent Institute)&#8217;, in Brakel, Samuel Jan (ed.), <em>Prisons and Corrections <\/em>, Independent Policy Report. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. (1995), <em>Privatization in Criminal Justice <\/em>, Independent Policy Report, Oakland, Independent Institute. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Rasmussen, David W. (1992), <em>Illinois&#8217; War on Drugs: Some Unintended Consequences <\/em>, Heartland Policy Study, Chicago, Heartland Institute, No. 48. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Rasmussen, David W. (1995), <em>Illicit Drugs and Crime <\/em>, Independent Policy Report, Oakland, Independent Institute. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Rasmussen, David W. (1995), &#8216;Crime and Punishment&#8217;, in Denslow, David A., Scoggins, J.F. and Shermyen, Anne (eds.), <em>The Economy of Florida <\/em>, Gainesville (FL), Bureau of Economic and Business Research, 99-116. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L. and Wollan, Laurin A., Jr. (1989), &#8216;Prison Overcrowding and Judicial Incentives&#8217;, <b>3 <\/b> <em>Madison Paper Series <\/em>, 1-22. <\/li>\n<li>Benson, Bruce L., Kim, Iljoong, Rasmussen, David W. and Zuehlke, Thomas W. (1993), &#8216;An Economic Analysis of Recidivism Among Drug Offenders&#8217;, <b>60 <\/b> <em>Southern Economic Journal <\/em>, 169-183. <\/li>\n<li>Block, Michael K. and Lind, Robert C. (1975), &#8216;An Economic Analysis of Crimes Punishable by Imprisonment&#8217;, <b>4 <\/b> <em>Journal of Legal Studies <\/em>, 479-492. <\/li>\n<li>Block, Michael K. and Ulen, Thomas S. (1979), &#8216;Cost Functions for Correctional Institutions&#8217;, in Gray, Charles M. (ed.), <em>The Costs of Crime <\/em>, Beverly Hills (CA), Sage Publications, 187-209. <\/li>\n<li>Blumstein, Alfred and Larson, Richard (1969), &#8216;Models of a Total Criminal Justice System&#8217;, <b>17 <\/b> <em>Operations Research <\/em>, 199-232. <\/li>\n<li>Borus, Michael E., Hardin, Einar and Terry, Patterson A. (1976), &#8216;Job-Placement Services for Ex-Offenders: An Evaluation of the Michigan Comprehensive Offender Manpower Program (COMP) Job-Placement Efforts&#8217;, <b>11 <\/b> <em>Journal of Human Resources <\/em>, 391-401. <\/li>\n<li>Brakel, Samuel J. (1988), &#8216;Privatization&#8217; in Corrections: Radical Prison Chic or Mainstream Americana?&#8217;, <b>14 <\/b> <em>New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement <\/em>, 1-39. <\/li>\n<li>Brown, Jennifer G. (1992), &#8216;Posner, Prisoners, and Pragmatism&#8217;, <b>66 <\/b> <em>Tulane Law Review <\/em>, 1117-1178. <\/li>\n<li>Burnovski, Moshe and Safra, Zvi (1994), &#8216;Deterrence Effects of Sequential Punishment Policies: Should Repeat Offenders Be More Severely Punished?&#8217;, <b>14 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 341-350. <\/li>\n<li>Cameron, Samuel (1989), &#8216;Determinants of the Prison Population: An Empirical Analysis&#8217;, <b>16(8) <\/b> <em>International Journal of Social Economics <\/em>, 17-25. <\/li>\n<li>Campbell, John (1994), &#8216;Policing Crime&#8217;, <b>4 <\/b> <em>Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Regional Review <\/em>, 6-11. <\/li>\n<li>Carr-Hill, G.A. and Carr-Hill, R.A. (1972), &#8216;Reconviction as a Process&#8221;, <b>12 <\/b> <em>British Journal of Criminology <\/em>, 35-43. <\/li>\n<li>Conley, John A. (1981), &#8216;Revising Conceptions about the Origin of Prisons: The Importance of Economic Considerations&#8217;, <b>62 <\/b> <em>Social Science Quarterly <\/em>, 247-258. <\/li>\n<li>Cook, Philip J. (1975), &#8216;The Correctional Carrot: Better Jobs for Parolees&#8217;, <b>1 <\/b> <em>Policy Analysis <\/em>, 11-54. <\/li>\n<li>Cook, Philip J. (1977), &#8216;Punishment and Crime: A Critique of Current Findings Concerning the Preventative Effects of Punishment&#8217;, <b>41(1) <\/b> <em>Law and Contemporary Problems <\/em>, 164-209. <\/li>\n<li>Couch, Kenneth A. (1992), &#8216;New Evidence on the Long-Term Effects on Employment Training Programs&#8217;, <b>10 <\/b> <em>Journal of Labor Economics <\/em>, 380-388. <\/li>\n<li>Cragg, Wesley (1992), <em>The Practice of Punishment: Towards a Theory of Restorative Justice <\/em>, London, Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul. <\/li>\n<li>Dau-Schmidt, Kenneth G. (1990), &#8216;An Economic Analysis of the Criminal Law as a Preference Shaping Policy&#8217;, <em>Duke Law Journal <\/em>, 1-38. <\/li>\n<li>Diiulio, John J., Jr. (1994), &#8216;The Question of Black Crime&#8217;, <b>117 <\/b> <em>Public Interest <\/em>, 3-32. <\/li>\n<li>Diiulio, John J., Jr. (1996), &#8216;Help Wanted: Economists, Crime and Public Policy&#8217;, <b>10 <\/b> <em>Journal of Economic Perspectives <\/em>, 3-24. <\/li>\n<li>Diiulio, John J., Jr. and Piehl, Anne Morrison (1991), &#8216;Does Prison Pay?&#8217;, <b>9 <\/b> <em>Brookings Review <\/em>, 28-35. <\/li>\n<li>Duff, R.A. (1986), <em>Trials and Punishment <\/em>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. <\/li>\n<li>Duff, R.A. (1996), &#8216;Penal Communications: Recent Work in the Philosophy of Punishment&#8217;, <b>20 <\/b> <em>Crime and Justice: A Review of Research <\/em>, 1-97. <\/li>\n<li>Ehrlich, Isaac (1972), &#8216;Participation in Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation&#8217;, <b>80 <\/b> <em>Journal of Political Economy <\/em>, 521-565. <\/li>\n<li>Ehrlich, Isaac (1981), &#8216;On the Usefulness of Controlling Individuals: An Economic Analysis of Rehabilitation, Incapacitation and Deterrence&#8217;, <b>71 <\/b> <em>American Economic Review <\/em>, 307-332. <\/li>\n<li>Ehrlich, Isaac (1982), &#8216;The Optimum Enforcement of Laws and the Concept of Justice: A Positive Analysis&#8217;, <b>2 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 3-27. <\/li>\n<li>Englander, Frederick (1983), &#8216;Helping Ex-offenders enter the Labor Market&#8217;, <b>106 <\/b> <em>Monthly Labor Review <\/em>, 25-30. <\/li>\n<li>Englander, Frederick (1985), &#8216;Reply&#8217;, <b>108A <\/b> <em>Monthly Labor Review <\/em>, 49-50. <\/li>\n<li>Evans, Robert, Jr. (1968), &#8216;The Labor Market and Parole Success&#8217;, <b>3 <\/b> <em>Journal of Human Resources <\/em>, 201-212. <\/li>\n<li>Farrington, David P., Ohlin, Lloyd E. and Wilson, James Q. (1986), <em>Understanding and Controlling Crime: Toward a New Research Strategy <\/em>, New York, Springer. <\/li>\n<li>Freeman, Richard B. (1983), &#8216;Crime and Unemployment&#8217;, in Wilson, James Q. (ed.), <em>Crime and Public Policy <\/em>, San Francisco, Institute for Contemporary Studies Press, 89-106. <\/li>\n<li>Freeman, Richard B. (1986), &#8216;Who Escapes? the Relation Between Churchgoing and Other Background Factors to the Socioeconomic Performance of Black Male Youths from Inner-City Tracts&#8217;, in Freeman, Richard B. and Holzer, Harry J. (eds.), <em>The Black Youth Employment Crisis <\/em>, Chicago (IL), University of Chicago Press, 353-376. <\/li>\n<li>Freeman, Richard B. (1992), &#8216;Crime and the Employment of Disadvantaged Youths&#8217;, in Peterson, George E. and Vronman, Wayne (eds.), <em>Urban Labor Markets and Job Opportunity <\/em>, Washington, Urban Institute Press, 201-237. <\/li>\n<li>Freeman, Richard B. (1995), &#8216;Crime and the Job Market&#8217;, in Wilson, James Q. and Petersilia, Joan (eds.), <em>Crime <\/em>, San Fransisco, Institute for Contemporary Studies. <\/li>\n<li>Freeman, Richard B. (1996), &#8216;Why Do So Many Young American Men Commit Crimes and What Might We Do About It?&#8217;, <b>10 <\/b> <em>Journal of Economic Perspectives <\/em>, 25-42. <\/li>\n<li>Friedman, Lawrence M. (1993), <em>Crime and Punishment in American History <\/em>, New York, Basic Books. <\/li>\n<li>Funke, G.S. (1985), &#8216;The Economics of Prison Crowding&#8217;, <b>478 <\/b> <em>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science <\/em>, 86-99. <\/li>\n<li>Garoupa, Nuno (1996), <em>Prison, Parole and the Criminal Justice Act 1991 <\/em>, Manuscript, University of York, U.K.. <\/li>\n<li>Gendreau, Paul and Ross, Robert R. (1987), &#8216;Revivification of Rehabilitation: Evidence from the 1980s&#8217;, <b>4 <\/b> <em>Justice Quarterly <\/em>, 349-407. <\/li>\n<li>Gentry, James Theodore (1986), &#8216;The Panopticon Revisited: The Problem of Monitoring Private Prisons&#8217;, <b>96 <\/b> <em>Yale Law Journal <\/em>, 353-375. <\/li>\n<li>Giertz, J. Fred and Nardulli, Peter F. (1985), &#8216;Prison Overcrowding&#8217;, <b>46(1) <\/b> <em>Public Choice <\/em>, 71-78. <\/li>\n<li>Gill, Richard T. (1994), &#8216;The Importance of Deterrence&#8217;, <b>117 <\/b> <em>Public Interest <\/em>, 51-56. <\/li>\n<li>Gillespie, Robert F. (1983), &#8216;Allocating Prison Space: An Economic Approach Incorporating Efficiency and Equity&#8217;, <b>40 <\/b> <em>Illinois Business Review <\/em>, 3-11. <\/li>\n<li>Grizzle, Gloria A. and Witte, Ann Dryden (1980), &#8216;Criminal Justice Evaluation Techniques: Methods Other Than Random Assignment&#8217;, in Kleenin, Malcolm W. and Teilmann, Katherine S. (eds.), <em>Handbook of Criminal Justice Evaluation <\/em>, Beverly Hills (CA), Sage Publications, 259-302. <\/li>\n<li>Halleck, Seymour L. and Witte, Ann Dryden (1977), &#8216;Is Rehabilitation Dead?&#8217;, <b>23 <\/b> <em>Crime and Delinquency <\/em>, 372-382. <\/li>\n<li>Hardin, Einar (1975), &#8216;Human Capital and the Labor Market Success of New Parolees&#8217;, in X (ed.), <em>1975 Proceedings of the Business and Economics Section <\/em>, American Statistical Association, 330-335. <\/li>\n<li>Herrnstein, Richard J. (1983), &#8216;Some Criminogenic Traits in Offenders&#8217;, in Wilson, James Q. (ed.), <em>Crime and Public Policy <\/em>, San Francisco, Institute for Contemporary Studies Press, 31-49. <\/li>\n<li>Hersch, Philip L. and Netter, Jeffrey M. (1984), &#8216;The Effects of Crime Rates on Time Served in Prison: An Empirical Analysis&#8217;, <b>39 <\/b> <em>Public Finance <\/em>, 314-320. <\/li>\n<li>Hollister, Robinson G., Kemper, Peter and Maynard, Rebecca A. (1984), <em>The National Supported Work Demonstration <\/em>, Madison, University of Wisconsin. <\/li>\n<li>Kan, Steven S. (1996), &#8216;Corporal Punishments and Optimal Incapacitation&#8217;, <b>15 <\/b> <em>Journal of Legal Studies <\/em>, 121-130. <\/li>\n<li>Kim, Il Joong and others (1993), &#8216;An Economic Analysis of Recidivism among Drug Offenders&#8217;, <b>60(1) <\/b> <em>Southern Economic Journal <\/em>, 169-183. <\/li>\n<li>Langan, Patrick A. (1994), &#8216;No Racism in the Justice System&#8217;, <b>117 <\/b> <em>Public Interest <\/em>, 48-51. <\/li>\n<li>Langbein, John H. (1976), &#8216;The Historical Origins of the Sanction of Imprisonment for Serious Crime&#8217;, <b>5 <\/b> <em>Journal of Legal Studies <\/em>, 35-60. <\/li>\n<li>Langbein, John H. (1977), <em>Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the ancient Regime <\/em>, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. <\/li>\n<li>Lattimore, Pamela K. and Witte, Ann Dryden (1985), &#8216;Programs to aid Ex-offenders: We don&#8217;t know &#8216;Nothing Works&#8217;, <b>108A <\/b> <em>Monthly Labor Review <\/em>, 46-50. <\/li>\n<li>Lattimore, Pamela K., Witte, Ann Dryden and Baker, Joanna R. (1990), &#8216;Experimental Assessment of the Effect of Vocational Training on Youthful Property Offenders&#8217;, <b>14 <\/b> <em>Evaluation Review <\/em>, 115-133. <\/li>\n<li>Lee, Tahirih V. and Searle-White, Joshua (1991), &#8216;Prisoner&#8217;s Dilemma Meets Glasnost: A Comparative Advantage Solution to the United States Prison Crisis&#8217;, <b>24 <\/b> <em>Cornell International Law Journal <\/em>, 25-56. <\/li>\n<li>Leung, Siu Fai (1995), &#8216;Dynamic Deterrence Theory&#8217;, <b>62 <\/b> <em>Economica <\/em>, 65-87. <\/li>\n<li>Levitt, Steven D. (1996), &#8216;The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence From Prison Overcrowding Litigation&#8217;, <b>107 <\/b> <em>Quarterly Journal of Economics <\/em>, 319-351. <\/li>\n<li>Lewis, Donald E. (1979), &#8216;The Optimal Parole Period&#8217;, <b>2 <\/b> <em>Economics Letters <\/em>, 381-386. <\/li>\n<li>Lewis, Donald E. (1983), &#8216;Economic Aspects of the Parole Decision&#8217;, <b>22 <\/b> <em>Australian Economic Papers <\/em>, 259-279. <\/li>\n<li>Lewis, Frank D. (1960), &#8216;Australia: An Economical Prison? A Reply&#8217;, <b>43 <\/b> <em>Economic History Review, Second Series <\/em>, 477-482. <\/li>\n<li>Lewis, Frank D. (1988), &#8216;The Cost of Convict Transportation from Britain to Australia, 1796-1810&#8217;, <b>41 <\/b> <em>Economic History Review, Second Series <\/em>, 507-524. <\/li>\n<li>Lipton, Douglas W., Martinson, Robert and Wilks, Judith (1975), <em>The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment: A Survey of Treatment Evaluation Studies <\/em>, New York, Praeger. <\/li>\n<li>Logan, Charles H. (1987), &#8216;The Propriety of Proprietary Prisons&#8217;, <b>51 <\/b> <em>Feceral Probation <\/em>, 35-40. <\/li>\n<li>Long, Sharon K. and Witte, Ann Dryden (1981), &#8216;Current Economic Trends: Implications for Crime and Criminal Justice&#8217;, in Wright, Kevin N. (ed.), <em>Crime and Criminal Justice in a Declining Economy, Cambridge (MA) <\/em>, Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, 69-143. <\/li>\n<li>Mair, George (1991), &#8216;What works &#8212; Nothing or Everything? Measuring the Effectiveness of Sentences&#8217;, <b>30 <\/b> <em>Home Office Research Bulletin <\/em>, 3-8. <\/li>\n<li>Mallar, Charles D. and Thornton, Craig V.D. (1977), &#8216;Transitional Aid for Released Prisoners: Evidence from the LIFE Experiment&#8217;, <b>13 <\/b> <em>Journal of Human Resources <\/em>, 208-236. <\/li>\n<li>Marks, Denton and Vining, Aidan R. (1986), &#8216;Prison Labor Markets: The Supply Issue&#8217;, <b>19(1) <\/b> <em>Policy Sciences <\/em>, 83-111. <\/li>\n<li>Martin, Susan E., Sechrest, Lee B. and Redner, Robin (eds.), <em>New Directions in the Rehabilitation of Criminal Offenders <\/em>, Washington, National Academy Press. <\/li>\n<li>Martinson, Robert (1974), &#8216;&#8221;What Works&#8221; &#8212; Questions and Answers about Prison Reform&#8217;, <b>25 <\/b> <em>Public Interest <\/em>, 22-54. <\/li>\n<li>Marvel, Thomas and Moody, Carlisle (1994), &#8216;Prison Population Growth and Crime Reduction&#8217;, <b>10 <\/b> <em>Journal of Quantitative Criminology <\/em>, 109-140. <\/li>\n<li>McGuire, William J. and Witte, Ann Dryden (1978), <em>An Estimate of an Average Cost Curve for Large Scale Correctional Institutions <\/em>, Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina. <\/li>\n<li>Melossi, Dario (1987), &#8216;Political Business Cycles and Imprisonment Rates in Italy: Report on a Work in Progress&#8217;, <b>16(1-2) <\/b> <em>Review of Black Political Economy <\/em>, 211-218. <\/li>\n<li>Miceli, Thomas J. (1991), &#8216;Optimal Criminal Procedure: Fairness and Deterrence&#8217;, <b>11 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 3-10. <\/li>\n<li>Miceli, Thomas J. (1994), &#8216;Prison and Parole: Minimizing the Cost of Non monetary Sanctions as Deterrents&#8217;, <b>16 <\/b> <em>Research in Law and Economics <\/em>, 197-211. <\/li>\n<li>Moffitt, Terrie E. (1994), &#8216;Natural Histories of Delinquency&#8217;, in Weitekamp, Elmar G. and Kerner, Hans-J\u009frgen (eds.), <em>Cross-National Longitudinal Research on Human Development and Criminal Behavior <\/em>, Dordrecht, Kluwer, 3-61. <\/li>\n<li>Morris, Norval (1974), <em>The Future of Imprisonment <\/em>, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 144 p. <\/li>\n<li>Muller, Jerry Z. (1993), <em>Adam Smith in his Time and Ours: Resigning the Decent Society <\/em>, New York, Free Press. <\/li>\n<li>Myers, Samuel L., Jr. (1980), &#8216;The Rehabilitation Effect of Punishment&#8217;, <b>18 <\/b> <em>Economic Inquiry <\/em>, 353-366. <\/li>\n<li>Myers, Samuel L., Jr. (1980), &#8216;Black-White Differentials in Crime Rates&#8217;, <b>10 <\/b> <em>Review of Black Political Economy <\/em>, 133-152. <\/li>\n<li>Myers, Samuel L., Jr. (1983), &#8216;Estimating the Economic Model of Crime: Employment versus Punishment Effects&#8217;, <b>94 <\/b> <em>Quarterly Journal of Economics <\/em>, 157-166. <\/li>\n<li>Nardulli, Peter F. (1984), &#8216;The Misalignment of Penal Responsibilities and State Prison Crises: Costs, Consequences, and Corrective Actions&#8217;, <em>University of Illinois Law Review <\/em>, 365-387. <\/li>\n<li>Nash, John F. (1991), &#8216;To Make the Punishment Fit the Crime: The Theory and Statistical Estimation of a Multi-Period Optimal Deterrence Model&#8217;, <b>11 <\/b> <em>International Review of Law and Economics <\/em>, 101-110. <\/li>\n<li>Nicholas, Stephen (1990), &#8216;Australia: An Economical Prison? Comments&#8217;, <b>43(3) <\/b> <em>Economic History Review, Second Series <\/em>, 470-476. <\/li>\n<li>Niskanen, William A. (1971), <em>Bureaucracy and Representative Government <\/em>, Chicago, Aldine-Atherton. <\/li>\n<li>Parker, Jeffrey S. (1989), &#8216;Criminal Sentencing Policy for Organizations: The Unifying Approach of Optimal Penalties&#8217;, <b>26 <\/b> <em>American Criminal Law Review <\/em>, 513-604. <\/li>\n<li>Parker, Jeffrey S. and Block, Michael K. (1989), &#8216;The Sentencing Commission, P.M. (Post-Mistretta). 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