{"id":26921,"date":"2022-09-05T03:28:18","date_gmt":"2022-09-05T03:28:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/amjur\/damages-sect-622.html"},"modified":"2022-08-25T11:48:05","modified_gmt":"2022-08-25T11:48:05","slug":"damages-sect-622","status":"publish","type":"amjur","link":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/amjur\/damages-sect-622.html","title":{"rendered":"Am Jur 2d &#8211; Damages \u00a7 622"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"leafpage\">\n<h2>V. Exemplary or Punitive Damages, H. Amount, 1. In General; Procedures and Standards for Determining Amount, \u00a7 622 &#8211; Particular factors considered<\/h2>\n<p>The factors for determining appropriate punitive damages, whether by the trier of fact or on review for excessiveness,[<a href=\"#fn1\" name=\"fn-ref1\">1<\/a>] generally include: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>the nature of the wrong[<a href=\"#fn2\" name=\"fn-ref2\">2<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>the reprehensibility of the wrongdoing[<a href=\"#fn3\" name=\"fn-ref3\">3<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>the enormity of the wrong[<a href=\"#fn4\" name=\"fn-ref4\">4<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>the duration of the wrong[<a href=\"#fn5\" name=\"fn-ref5\">5<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>the wrongdoer&#8217;s intent or motivation,[<a href=\"#fn6\" name=\"fn-ref6\">6<\/a>] or awareness of any hazard which his or her conduct has caused[<a href=\"#fn7\" name=\"fn-ref7\">7<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>other circumstances attendant to the wrongdoer&#8217;s actions[<a href=\"#fn8\" name=\"fn-ref8\">8<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"feature-para-block\">\n<div class=\"feature-para-name\">Observation:<\/div>\n<p>The degree of reprehensibility of defendant&#8217;s conduct is perhaps the most important indicium of the reasonableness of a punitive-damages award.[<a href=\"#fn9\" name=\"fn-ref9\">9<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>While an award of punitive damages should take into account any mitigating circumstances which may operate to reduce the award without wholly defeating it,[<a href=\"#fn10\" name=\"fn-ref10\">10<\/a>] there is authority that exemplary damages are not to be reduced by reason of the plaintiff&#8217;s comparative negligence.[<a href=\"#fn11\" name=\"fn-ref11\">11<\/a>]<\/p>\n<div class=\"feature-para-block\">\n<div class=\"feature-para-name\">Observation:<\/div>\n<p>Regardless of culpability, heavier punitive awards have been thought to be justifiable when wrongdoing is hard to detect.[<a href=\"#fn12\" name=\"fn-ref12\">12<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"update-stack\">\n<div class=\"stack-note-head\">Cases:<\/div>\n<div class=\"note-text\">\n<p>In weighing degree of reprehensibility, when determining whether award of punitive damages is excessive, district court considers whether defendant engaged in violent conduct; acted with malice or deceit; and engaged in repeated acts of misconduct. <span class=\"cite\">\t<a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0007903&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2032901159\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Milfort v. Prevete, 3 F. Supp. 3d 14 (E.D. N.Y. 2014)\">Milfort v. Prevete, 3 F. Supp. 3d 14 (E.D. N.Y. 2014)<\/a>      <\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"note-text\">\n<p>Under Prison Litigation Reform Act, punitive damage awards must be no larger than reasonably necessary to deter the kind of violations that occurred, the awards imposed should be against no more defendants than necessary to serve that deterrent function and should be the least intrusive way of doing so. <span class=\"cite\">\t<a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=1000546&amp;refType=LQ&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;cite=18USCAS3626\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"18 U.S.C.A. \u00a7  3626(a)(1)(A)\">18 U.S.C.A. \u00a7  3626(a)(1)(A)<\/a>      <\/span>. <span class=\"cite\">\t<a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004637&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2030392288\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Benton v. Rousseau, 940 F. Supp. 2d 1370 (M.D. Fla. 2013)\">Benton v. Rousseau, 940 F. Supp. 2d 1370 (M.D. Fla. 2013)<\/a>      <\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"note-text\">\n<p>Existence of any of the factors used to determine reprehensibility of defendant, as indicium of reasonableness of punitive damages award, weighing in favor of a plaintiff may not be sufficient to sustain a punitive damages award; and absence of all of them renders any award suspect. MCA 27-1-220, 27-1-221. <span class=\"cite\">\t<a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004645&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2035812078\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"McCulley v. U.S. Bank of Montana, 2015 MT 100, 347 P.3d 247 (Mont. 2015)\">McCulley v. U.S. Bank of Montana, 2015 MT 100, 347 P.3d 247 (Mont. 2015)<\/a>      <\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>All case links go to Westlaw and require login.<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref1\" name=\"fn1\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">1<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000595&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1996278957\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Management Computer Services, Inc. v. Hawkins, Ash, Baptie &amp; Co., 206 Wis. 2d 158, 557 N.W.2d 67 (1996)\">Management Computer Services, Inc. v. Hawkins, Ash, Baptie &amp; Co., 206 Wis. 2d 158, 557 N.W.2d 67 (1996)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref2\" name=\"fn2\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">2<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004644&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2027964558\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"McLemore ex rel. McLemore v. Elizabethton Medical Investors, Ltd. Partnership, 389 S.W.3d 764 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012)\">McLemore ex rel. McLemore v. Elizabethton Medical Investors, Ltd. Partnership, 389 S.W.3d 764 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012)<\/a>    <\/span>, appeal denied, (Dec. 3, 2012); <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004644&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2015782614\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Khorshid, Inc. v. Christian, 257 S.W.3d 748 (Tex. App. Dallas 2008)\">Khorshid, Inc. v. Christian, 257 S.W.3d 748 (Tex. App. Dallas 2008)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004645&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2023608210\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Lawrence v. Intermountain, Inc., 2010 UT App 313, 243 P.3d 508 (Utah Ct. App. 2010)\">Lawrence v. Intermountain, Inc., 2010 UT App 313, 243 P.3d 508 (Utah Ct. App. 2010)<\/a>    <\/span>, cert. denied, <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004645&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2024732547\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"247 P.3d 774 (Utah 2011)\">247 P.3d 774 (Utah 2011)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span>  <span>\u00a0The calculation of punitive damages involves a fluid process of adding or subtracting depending on the nature of the acts and the effect on the parties and the worth of the defendants, but these factors are not evaluated under a rigid formula. <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0007047&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2027532299\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Bankhead v. ArvinMeritor, Inc., 205 Cal. App. 4th 68, 139 Cal. Rptr. 3d 849 (1st Dist. 2012)\">Bankhead v. ArvinMeritor, Inc., 205 Cal. App. 4th 68, 139 Cal. Rptr. 3d 849 (1st Dist. 2012)<\/a>    <\/span>, as modified, (Apr. 25, 2012) and review denied, (July 11, 2012).<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref3\" name=\"fn3\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">3<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000506&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2018199155\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Mendez-Matos v. Municipality of Guaynabo, 557 F.3d 36 (1st Cir. 2009)\">Mendez-Matos v. Municipality of Guaynabo, 557 F.3d 36 (1st Cir. 2009)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000506&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2016096180\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Saunders v. Branch Banking And Trust Co. Of VA, 526 F.3d 142 (4th Cir. 2008)\">Saunders v. Branch Banking And Trust Co. Of VA, 526 F.3d 142 (4th Cir. 2008)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004645&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2017875925\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Hudgins v. Southwest Airlines, Co., 221 Ariz. 472, 212 P.3d 810 (Ct. App. Div. 1 2009)\">Hudgins v. Southwest Airlines, Co., 221 Ariz. 472, 212 P.3d 810 (Ct. App. Div. 1 2009)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004644&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2020464946\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"McDonald&#039;s Corp. v. Ogborn, 309 S.W.3d 274 (Ky. Ct. App. 2009)\">McDonald&#8217;s Corp. v. Ogborn, 309 S.W.3d 274 (Ky. Ct. App. 2009)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000602&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2014719556\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Herrera v. Braunstein, 47 A.D.3d 474, 849 N.Y.S.2d 528 (1st Dep&#039;t 2008)\">Herrera v. Braunstein, 47 A.D.3d 474, 849 N.Y.S.2d 528 (1st Dep&#8217;t 2008)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span>  <span>\u00a0For the purposes of punitive damages, both aggravating and mitigating factors are important to determining the degree of the conduct&#8217;s reprehensibility. <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000735&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1997188254\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Talent Tree Personnel Services, Inc. v. Fleenor, 703 So. 2d 917 (Ala. 1997)\">Talent Tree Personnel Services, Inc. v. Fleenor, 703 So. 2d 917 (Ala. 1997)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref4\" name=\"fn4\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">4<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0003926&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2023726747\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Kitchens v. Turquoise Properties Gulf, Inc., 70 So. 3d 377 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010)\">Kitchens v. Turquoise Properties Gulf, Inc., 70 So. 3d 377 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010)<\/a>    <\/span>, cert. denied, (Apr. 8, 2011); <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000578&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2020111003\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Blount v. Stroud, 395 Ill. App. 3d 8, 333 Ill. Dec. 854, 915 N.E.2d 925 (1st Dist. 2009)\">Blount v. Stroud, 395 Ill. App. 3d 8, 333 Ill. Dec. 854, 915 N.E.2d 925 (1st Dist. 2009)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span>  <span>\u00a0While there is no exchange rate for converting reprehensibility in dollars, a punitive damages award at a minimum should reflect the enormity of the offense as shown by the permanence and severity of the injury together with the offender&#8217;s degree of culpability. <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000506&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2015898411\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Gibson v. Moskowitz, 523 F.3d 657 (6th Cir. 2008)\">Gibson v. Moskowitz, 523 F.3d 657 (6th Cir. 2008)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref5\" name=\"fn5\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">5<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004645&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2017875925\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Hudgins v. Southwest Airlines, Co., 221 Ariz. 472, 212 P.3d 810 (Ct. App. Div. 1 2009)\">Hudgins v. Southwest Airlines, Co., 221 Ariz. 472, 212 P.3d 810 (Ct. App. Div. 1 2009)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000711&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2015505400\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Mellen v. Lane, 377 S.C. 261, 659 S.E.2d 236 (Ct. App. 2008)\">Mellen v. Lane, 377 S.C. 261, 659 S.E.2d 236 (Ct. App. 2008)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004644&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2027964558\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"McLemore ex rel. McLemore v. Elizabethton Medical Investors, Ltd. Partnership, 389 S.W.3d 764 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012)\">McLemore ex rel. McLemore v. Elizabethton Medical Investors, Ltd. Partnership, 389 S.W.3d 764 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012)<\/a>    <\/span>, appeal denied, (Dec. 3, 2012).<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref6\" name=\"fn6\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">6<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000713&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1998254529\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Edwards v. Stills, 335 Ark. 470, 984 S.W.2d 366 (1998)\">Edwards v. Stills, 335 Ark. 470, 984 S.W.2d 366 (1998)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000595&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2001514888\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Christians v. Christians, 2001 SD 142, 637 N.W.2d 377 (S.D. 2001)\">Christians v. Christians, 2001 SD 142, 637 N.W.2d 377 (S.D. 2001)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004644&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2027964558\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"McLemore ex rel. McLemore v. Elizabethton Medical Investors, Ltd. Partnership, 389 S.W.3d 764 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012)\">McLemore ex rel. McLemore v. Elizabethton Medical Investors, Ltd. Partnership, 389 S.W.3d 764 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012)<\/a>    <\/span>, appeal denied, (Dec. 3, 2012).<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref7\" name=\"fn7\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">7<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004644&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2027964558\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"McLemore ex rel. McLemore v. Elizabethton Medical Investors, Ltd. Partnership, 389 S.W.3d 764 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012)\">McLemore ex rel. McLemore v. Elizabethton Medical Investors, Ltd. Partnership, 389 S.W.3d 764 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012)<\/a>    <\/span>, appeal denied, (Dec. 3, 2012); <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000661&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1998104551\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Farmers Ins. Exchange v. Shirley, 958 P.2d 1040 (Wyo. 1998)\">Farmers Ins. Exchange v. Shirley, 958 P.2d 1040 (Wyo. 1998)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref8\" name=\"fn8\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">8<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000713&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1994062365\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"McNair v. McNair, 316 Ark. 299, 870 S.W.2d 756 (1994)\">McNair v. McNair, 316 Ark. 299, 870 S.W.2d 756 (1994)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000661&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1984116221\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Iola State Bank v. Bolan, 235 Kan. 175, 679 P.2d 720, 38 U.C.C. Rep. Serv. 755 (1984)\">Iola State Bank v. Bolan, 235 Kan. 175, 679 P.2d 720, 38 U.C.C. Rep. Serv. 755 (1984)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000595&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2001514888\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Christians v. Christians, 2001 SD 142, 637 N.W.2d 377 (S.D. 2001)\">Christians v. Christians, 2001 SD 142, 637 N.W.2d 377 (S.D. 2001)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004644&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2001423794\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Culbreath v. First Tennessee Bank Nat. Ass&#039;n, 44 S.W.3d 518 (Tenn. 2001)\">Culbreath v. First Tennessee Bank Nat. Ass&#8217;n, 44 S.W.3d 518 (Tenn. 2001)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span>  <span>\u00a0The greater the trust reposed in the defendant, the greater will be the justification for a more significant award of punitive damages. <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004645&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2002800411\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Diversified Holdings, L.C. v. Turner, 2002 UT 129, 63 P.3d 686 (Utah 2002)\">Diversified Holdings, L.C. v. Turner, 2002 UT 129, 63 P.3d 686 (Utah 2002)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref9\" name=\"fn9\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">9<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004645&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2001063372\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Parrott v. Carr Chevrolet, Inc., 331 Or. 537, 17 P.3d 473 (2001)\">Parrott v. Carr Chevrolet, Inc., 331 Or. 537, 17 P.3d 473 (2001)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000595&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1996167995\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Schaffer v. Edward D. Jones &amp; Co., 1996 SD 94, 552 N.W.2d 801 (S.D. 1996)\">Schaffer v. Edward D. Jones &amp; Co., 1996 SD 94, 552 N.W.2d 801 (S.D. 1996)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000595&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2003377441\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church and School-Freistadt v. Tower Ins. Co., 2003 WI 46, 261 Wis. 2d 333, 661 N.W.2d 789 (2003)\">Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church and School-Freistadt v. Tower Ins. Co., 2003 WI 46, 261 Wis. 2d 333, 661 N.W.2d 789 (2003)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref10\" name=\"fn10\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">10<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000661&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1984121200\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Wooderson v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 235 Kan. 387, 681 P.2d 1038 (1984)\">Wooderson v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 235 Kan. 387, 681 P.2d 1038 (1984)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000162&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1977119932\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Leimgruber v. Claridge Associates, Ltd., 73 N.J. 450, 375 A.2d 652 (1977)\">Leimgruber v. Claridge Associates, Ltd., 73 N.J. 450, 375 A.2d 652 (1977)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000711&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2021632796\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Perrine v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., 225 W. Va. 482, 694 S.E.2d 815 (2010)\">Perrine v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., 225 W. Va. 482, 694 S.E.2d 815 (2010)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span>  <span>\u00a0The fact finder, in the first instance, should consider properly admitted evidence in mitigation of punitive damages in deciding the amount of punitive damages, if any, to award. <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000713&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1998120314\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35 (Tex. 1998)\">Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35 (Tex. 1998)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref11\" name=\"fn11\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">11<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000713&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1986144534\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Hondo&#039;s Truck Stop Cafe, Inc. v. Clemmons, 716 S.W.2d 725 (Tex. App. Corpus Christi 1986)\">Hondo&#8217;s Truck Stop Cafe, Inc. v. Clemmons, 716 S.W.2d 725 (Tex. App. Corpus Christi 1986)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000713&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1986112190\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Olin Corp. v. Dyson, 709 S.W.2d 251 (Tex. App. Houston 14th Dist. 1986)\">Olin Corp. v. Dyson, 709 S.W.2d 251 (Tex. App. Houston 14th Dist. 1986)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span>  <span>\u00a0As to the effect of comparative-negligence rules, see <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=140172&amp;refType=DA&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;cite=AMJURDAMAGESS587\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u00a7 587\">\u00a7 587<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref12\" name=\"fn12\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">12<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000708&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2016379504\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 554 U.S. 471, 128 S. Ct. 2605, 171 L. Ed. 2d 570 (2008)\">Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 554 U.S. 471, 128 S. Ct. 2605, 171 L. Ed. 2d 570 (2008)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Document\/I49195a0fb27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2\/View\/FullText.html?originationContext=documenttoc&#038;transitionType=CategoryPageItem&#038;contextData=(sc.Default)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Am Jur 2d Damages\">Read this complete Am Jur 2d section on Westlaw<\/a><\/b><\/div>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":false,"_modified_date":"","_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false},"class_list":["post-26921","amjur","type-amjur","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/amjur\/26921","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/amjur"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/amjur"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26921"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}