{"id":26919,"date":"2022-09-05T03:28:18","date_gmt":"2022-09-05T03:28:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.findlaw-admin.com\/ability-legal\/amjur\/damages-sect-559.html"},"modified":"2022-08-25T11:48:05","modified_gmt":"2022-08-25T11:48:05","slug":"damages-sect-559","status":"publish","type":"amjur","link":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/amjur\/damages-sect-559.html","title":{"rendered":"Am Jur 2d &#8211; Damages \u00a7 559"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"leafpage\">\n<h2>V. Exemplary or Punitive Damages, A. In General, \u00a7 559 &#8211; Purposes; punishment and deterrence<\/h2>\n<p>The view has been followed that punitive damages are awarded for the sake of example[<a href=\"#fn1\" name=\"fn-ref1\">1<\/a>] and to punish the defendant,[<a href=\"#fn2\" name=\"fn-ref2\">2<\/a>] thereby deterring others from similar behavior.[<a href=\"#fn3\" name=\"fn-ref3\">3<\/a>] Indeed, courts have stated that the primary purpose of a punitive award is to deter misconduct or improper conduct.[<a href=\"#fn4\" name=\"fn-ref4\">4<\/a>] However, punitive damages must not be so oppressive or so large as to shock the sense of fair-minded persons.[<a href=\"#fn5\" name=\"fn-ref5\">5<\/a>] The purpose of punitive damages is not served by financially destroying a defendant.[<a href=\"#fn6\" name=\"fn-ref6\">6<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>Punitive damages have been said to be awarded to punish the defendant and deter or warn others from the same conduct[<a href=\"#fn7\" name=\"fn-ref7\">7<\/a>] or to punish or deter conduct deemed wrongful when the availability of a cause of action and compensatory damages are considered an insufficient punishment or deterrence.[<a href=\"#fn8\" name=\"fn-ref8\">8<\/a>] Many holdings also expressly state that the purpose of punitive damages is to deter the defendant him- or herself, as well as others, from repeating the wrongful act in the future.[<a href=\"#fn9\" name=\"fn-ref9\">9<\/a>] Thus, exemplary damages have been said to serve a threefold purpose: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>punishment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>specific deterrence<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>general deterrence[<a href=\"#fn10\" name=\"fn-ref10\">10<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other courts simply state more generally that the dual or twin purposes of punitive damages are punishment and deterrence[<a href=\"#fn11\" name=\"fn-ref11\">11<\/a>] or that punitive damages are aimed at deterrence and retribution.[<a href=\"#fn12\" name=\"fn-ref12\">12<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>In this regard, it has been stated that punitive damages may properly be imposed to further a state&#8217;s legitimate interests in punishing unlawful conduct and deterring its repetition[<a href=\"#fn13\" name=\"fn-ref13\">13<\/a>] and that an award of punitive damages serves the purpose of protecting or benefiting the public generally.[<a href=\"#fn14\" name=\"fn-ref14\">14<\/a>] Similarly, it has been stated that the basis of the doctrine of punitive damages is that a person whose conduct amounts to a criminality should be punished for the good of society.[<a href=\"#fn15\" name=\"fn-ref15\">15<\/a>]<\/p>\n<div class=\"feature-para-block\">\n<div class=\"feature-para-name\">Caution:<\/div>\n<p>State courts cannot authorize procedures that create an unreasonable and unnecessary risk of confusion which leads the jury, in awarding punitive damages, to impermissibly punish a defendant for harm caused to others rather than permissibly taking that conduct into account in determining reprehensibility. Punitive-damages awards may not be used for the purpose of punishing a defendant for harming others.[<a href=\"#fn16\" name=\"fn-ref16\">16<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In some jurisdictions, all awards of punitive damages must be supported by a finding that the public interest will be served by punishing the wrongdoer,[<a href=\"#fn17\" name=\"fn-ref17\">17<\/a>] and both the punishment of the tortfeasor and deterrence are required to satisfy a statutory punitive-damages provision.[<a href=\"#fn18\" name=\"fn-ref18\">18<\/a>] Also, under some authority, a private party seeking to recover punitive damages must demonstrate that the defendant&#8217;s egregious conduct was part of a pattern of similar conduct directed at the public generally.[<a href=\"#fn19\" name=\"fn-ref19\">19<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>Some courts which particularly emphasize the punishment and deterrent effect upon the defendant as a purpose of punitive damages have concluded that the reason for awarding punitive damages ceases to exist with the death of the tortfeasor and that public policy is not served by permitting the recovery of punitive damages against the estate of a deceased tortfeasor.[<a href=\"#fn20\" name=\"fn-ref20\">20<\/a>] However, other courts have held punitive damages are appropriate against a decedent&#8217;s estate[<a href=\"#fn21\" name=\"fn-ref21\">21<\/a>] as the award sends a message to the public at large.[<a href=\"#fn22\" name=\"fn-ref22\">22<\/a>]<\/p>\n<div class=\"feature-para-block\">\n<div class=\"feature-para-name\">Practice Tip:<\/div>\n<p>Courts should ensure that punitive-damages awards do not exceed an amount necessary to accomplish society&#8217;s goals of punishment and deterrence.[<a href=\"#fn23\" name=\"fn-ref23\">23<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"feature-para-block\">\n<div class=\"feature-para-name\">Observation:<\/div>\n<p>The courts have often found it necessary to decide whether insurance coverage of liability for punitive damages is invalid as contrary to public policy. Some courts have taken the position that public policy precludes coverage, generally reasoning that the deterrence and punishment purposes of punitive damages would be undermined by a contrary result, although a number of these courts have recognized an exception in cases where the insured&#8217;s liability for punitive damages is purely vicarious. On the other hand, some courts have held that shifting liability for such damages to an insurance company does not violate public policy although an exception is sometimes made such that coverage would not be allowable where the wrongdoer&#8217;s conduct was &#8220;intentional.&#8221;[<a href=\"#fn24\" name=\"fn-ref24\">24<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>All case links go to Westlaw and require login.<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref1\" name=\"fn1\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">1<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004645&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2026659616\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Vickery v. Evans, 266 P.3d 390 (Colo. 2011)\">Vickery v. Evans, 266 P.3d 390 (Colo. 2011)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000735&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2001546530\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Alpha Gulf Coast, Inc. v. Jackson, 801 So. 2d 709 (Miss. 2001)\">Alpha Gulf Coast, Inc. v. Jackson, 801 So. 2d 709 (Miss. 2001)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004644&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2020295708\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Goff v. Elmo Greer &amp; Sons Const. Co., Inc., 297 S.W.3d 175 (Tenn. 2009)\">Goff v. Elmo Greer &amp; Sons Const. Co., Inc., 297 S.W.3d 175 (Tenn. 2009)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref2\" name=\"fn2\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">2<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004644&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2026637250\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Bayer CropScience LP v. Schafer, 2011 Ark. 518, 385 S.W.3d 822 (2011)\">Bayer CropScience LP v. Schafer, 2011 Ark. 518, 385 S.W.3d 822 (2011)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000595&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1998174655\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Wyman v. Terry Schulte Chevrolet, Inc., 1998 SD 96, 584 N.W.2d 103 (S.D. 1998)\">Wyman v. Terry Schulte Chevrolet, Inc., 1998 SD 96, 584 N.W.2d 103 (S.D. 1998)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000711&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1998153601\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Kessel v. Leavitt, 204 W. Va. 95, 511 S.E.2d 720 (1998)\">Kessel v. Leavitt, 204 W. Va. 95, 511 S.E.2d 720 (1998)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref3\" name=\"fn3\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">3<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004087&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1994196498\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Cabe v. Lunich, 70 Ohio St. 3d 598, 1994-Ohio-4, 640 N.E.2d 159, 33 A.L.R.5th 825 (1994)\">Cabe v. Lunich, 70 Ohio St. 3d 598, 1994-Ohio-4, 640 N.E.2d 159, 33 A.L.R.5th 825 (1994)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref4\" name=\"fn4\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">4<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000162&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2002392019\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ballinger v. Delaware River Port Authority, 172 N.J. 586, 800 A.2d 97 (2002)\">Ballinger v. Delaware River Port Authority, 172 N.J. 586, 800 A.2d 97 (2002)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004644&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2001423794\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Culbreath v. First Tennessee Bank Nat. Ass&#039;n, 44 S.W.3d 518 (Tenn. 2001)\">Culbreath v. First Tennessee Bank Nat. Ass&#8217;n, 44 S.W.3d 518 (Tenn. 2001)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000162&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2002263798\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Sweet v. Roy, 173 Vt. 418, 801 A.2d 694 (2002)\">Sweet v. Roy, 173 Vt. 418, 801 A.2d 694 (2002)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref5\" name=\"fn5\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">5<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000595&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2003498303\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Roth v. Farner-Bocken Co., 2003 SD 80, 667 N.W.2d 651 (S.D. 2003)\">Roth v. Farner-Bocken Co., 2003 SD 80, 667 N.W.2d 651 (S.D. 2003)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref6\" name=\"fn6\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">6<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0007047&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2027532299\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Bankhead v. ArvinMeritor, Inc., 205 Cal. App. 4th 68, 139 Cal. Rptr. 3d 849 (1st Dist. 2012)\">Bankhead v. ArvinMeritor, Inc., 205 Cal. App. 4th 68, 139 Cal. Rptr. 3d 849 (1st Dist. 2012)<\/a>    <\/span>, as modified, (Apr. 25, 2012) and review denied, (July 11, 2012).<br \/><\/span>  <span>\u00a0As to considering financial matters in determining the amount of punitive damages, see <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=140172&amp;refType=DA&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;cite=AMJURDAMAGESS623\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u00a7 623\">\u00a7 623<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref7\" name=\"fn7\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">7<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000506&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2029469102\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Freudeman v. Landing of Canton, 702 F.3d 318 (6th Cir. 2012) (applying Ohio law)\">Freudeman v. Landing of Canton, 702 F.3d 318 (6th Cir. 2012) (applying Ohio law)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000506&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2022918252\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Cook v. Rockwell Intern. Corp., 618 F.3d 1127, 77 Fed. R. Serv. 3d 555 (10th Cir. 2010)\">Cook v. Rockwell Intern. Corp., 618 F.3d 1127, 77 Fed. R. Serv. 3d 555 (10th Cir. 2010)<\/a>    <\/span>, cert. denied, <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000708&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2025272854\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"133 S. Ct. 22, 183 L. Ed. 2d 675 (2012) (applying Colorado law)\">133 S. Ct. 22, 183 L. Ed. 2d 675 (2012) (applying Colorado law)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000506&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2026695324\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 664 F.3d 883 (11th Cir. 2011)\">Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 664 F.3d 883 (11th Cir. 2011)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000960&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2014769014\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Slack v. Stream, 988 So. 2d 516, 235 Ed. Law Rep. 1235 (Ala. 2008)\">Slack v. Stream, 988 So. 2d 516, 235 Ed. Law Rep. 1235 (Ala. 2008)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004645&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2017875925\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Hudgins v. Southwest Airlines, Co., 221 Ariz. 472, 212 P.3d 810 (Ct. App. Div. 1 2009)\">Hudgins v. Southwest Airlines, Co., 221 Ariz. 472, 212 P.3d 810 (Ct. App. Div. 1 2009)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref8\" name=\"fn8\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">8<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000661&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2000069039\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Phillips v. General Motors Corp., 2000 MT 55, 298 Mont. 438, 995 P.2d 1002 (2000)\">Phillips v. General Motors Corp., 2000 MT 55, 298 Mont. 438, 995 P.2d 1002 (2000)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref9\" name=\"fn9\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">9<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000735&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2015884548\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ex parte Vulcan Materials Co., 992 So. 2d 1252 (Ala. 2008)\">Ex parte Vulcan Materials Co., 992 So. 2d 1252 (Ala. 2008)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000578&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2021760588\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Slovinski v. Elliot, 237 Ill. 2d 51, 340 Ill. Dec. 210, 927 N.E.2d 1221 (2010)\">Slovinski v. Elliot, 237 Ill. 2d 51, 340 Ill. Dec. 210, 927 N.E.2d 1221 (2010)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000578&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2023087275\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Kalwitz v. Kalwitz, 934 N.E.2d 741 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010)\">Kalwitz v. Kalwitz, 934 N.E.2d 741 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0007691&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2022728798\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Estate of Ruszala ex rel. Mizerak v. Brookdale Living Communities, Inc., 415 N.J. Super. 272, 1 A.3d 806 (App. Div. 2010)\">Estate of Ruszala ex rel. Mizerak v. Brookdale Living Communities, Inc., 415 N.J. Super. 272, 1 A.3d 806 (App. Div. 2010)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000711&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2018105211\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Mazloom v. Mazloom, 382 S.C. 307, 675 S.E.2d 746 (Ct. App. 2009)\">Mazloom v. Mazloom, 382 S.C. 307, 675 S.E.2d 746 (Ct. App. 2009)<\/a>    <\/span>, decision aff&#8217;d, <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000711&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2025246375\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"392 S.C. 403, 709 S.E.2d 661 (2011)\">392 S.C. 403, 709 S.E.2d 661 (2011)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref10\" name=\"fn10\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">10<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000578&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2030259679\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Wolinsky v. Kadison, 2013 IL App (1st) 111186, 370 Ill. Dec. 205, 987 N.E.2d 971 (App. Ct. 1st Dist. 2013)\">Wolinsky v. Kadison, 2013 IL App (1st) 111186, 370 Ill. Dec. 205, 987 N.E.2d 971 (App. Ct. 1st Dist. 2013)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000735&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2002650568\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Mosing v. Domas, 830 So. 2d 967 (La. 2002)\">Mosing v. Domas, 830 So. 2d 967 (La. 2002)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000595&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2001242811\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Jensen v. Walsh, 623 N.W.2d 247 (Minn. 2001)\">Jensen v. Walsh, 623 N.W.2d 247 (Minn. 2001)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref11\" name=\"fn11\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">11<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0007186&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2003269908\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 123 S. Ct. 1513, 155 L. Ed. 2d 585, 60 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1349, 1 A.L.R. Fed. 2d 739 (2003)\">State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 123 S. Ct. 1513, 155 L. Ed. 2d 585, 60 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1349, 1 A.L.R. Fed. 2d 739 (2003)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000162&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2022214871\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Modern Management Co. v. Wilson, 997 A.2d 37 (D.C. 2010)\">Modern Management Co. v. Wilson, 997 A.2d 37 (D.C. 2010)<\/a>    <\/span>, cert. denied, <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000708&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2026258708\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"132 S. Ct. 111, 181 L. Ed. 2d 36 (2011)\">132 S. Ct. 111, 181 L. Ed. 2d 36 (2011)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000162&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2015570518\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Tarr v. Bob Ciasulli&#039;s Mack Auto Mall, Inc., 194 N.J. 212, 943 A.2d 866 (2008)\">Tarr v. Bob Ciasulli&#8217;s Mack Auto Mall, Inc., 194 N.J. 212, 943 A.2d 866 (2008)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000602&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2021567796\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Solis-Vicuna v. Notias, 71 A.D.3d 868, 898 N.Y.S.2d 45 (2d Dep&#039;t 2010)\">Solis-Vicuna v. Notias, 71 A.D.3d 868, 898 N.Y.S.2d 45 (2d Dep&#8217;t 2010)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000578&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2030316963\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"T.P. v. Weiss, 2013-Ohio-1402, 990 N.E.2d 1098\">T.P. v. Weiss, 2013-Ohio-1402, 990 N.E.2d 1098<\/a>    <\/span> (Ohio Ct. App. 5th Dist. Delaware County 2013).<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref12\" name=\"fn12\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">12<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000708&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2016379504\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 554 U.S. 471, 128 S. Ct. 2605, 171 L. Ed. 2d 570 (2008)\">Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 554 U.S. 471, 128 S. Ct. 2605, 171 L. Ed. 2d 570 (2008)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0007186&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2003269908\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 123 S. Ct. 1513, 155 L. Ed. 2d 585, 60 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1349, 1 A.L.R. Fed. 2d 739 (2003)\">State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 123 S. Ct. 1513, 155 L. Ed. 2d 585, 60 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1349, 1 A.L.R. Fed. 2d 739 (2003)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000506&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2026141694\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Arnold v. Wilder, 657 F.3d 353, 86 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 664 (6th Cir. 2011)\">Arnold v. Wilder, 657 F.3d 353, 86 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 664 (6th Cir. 2011)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004645&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2018810625\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Quintero v. Rogers, 221 Ariz. 536, 212 P.3d 874 (Ct. App. Div. 1 2009)\">Quintero v. Rogers, 221 Ariz. 536, 212 P.3d 874 (Ct. App. Div. 1 2009)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0004644&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2029490580\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Osborne v. Keeney, 399 S.W.3d 1 (Ky. 2012)\">Osborne v. Keeney, 399 S.W.3d 1 (Ky. 2012)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref13\" name=\"fn13\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">13<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000708&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1996118412\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 116 S. Ct. 1589, 134 L. Ed. 2d 809 (1996)\">BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 116 S. Ct. 1589, 134 L. Ed. 2d 809 (1996)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000506&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2018199155\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Mendez-Matos v. Municipality of Guaynabo, 557 F.3d 36 (1st Cir. 2009)\">Mendez-Matos v. Municipality of Guaynabo, 557 F.3d 36 (1st Cir. 2009)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0007047&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2025894803\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Bullock v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 198 Cal. App. 4th 543, 131 Cal. Rptr. 3d 382 (2d Dist. 2011)\">Bullock v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 198 Cal. App. 4th 543, 131 Cal. Rptr. 3d 382 (2d Dist. 2011)<\/a>    <\/span>, review denied, (Nov. 30, 2011).<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref14\" name=\"fn14\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">14<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000162&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2003117932\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Darcars Motors of Silver Spring, Inc. v. Borzym, 150 Md. App. 18, 818 A.2d 1159 (2003)\">Darcars Motors of Silver Spring, Inc. v. Borzym, 150 Md. App. 18, 818 A.2d 1159 (2003)<\/a>    <\/span>, judgment aff&#8217;d, <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000162&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2004118043\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"379 Md. 249, 841 A.2d 828 (2004)\">379 Md. 249, 841 A.2d 828 (2004)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000735&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2002337545\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Choctaw Maid Farms, Inc. v. Hailey, 822 So. 2d 911 (Miss. 2002)\">Choctaw Maid Farms, Inc. v. Hailey, 822 So. 2d 911 (Miss. 2002)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000711&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2003299756\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Allstate Ins. Co. v. Wade, 265 Va. 383, 579 S.E.2d 180 (2003)\">Allstate Ins. Co. v. Wade, 265 Va. 383, 579 S.E.2d 180 (2003)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref15\" name=\"fn15\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">15<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000661&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1999197210\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"White v. Ultramar, Inc., 21 Cal. 4th 563, 88 Cal. Rptr. 2d 19, 981 P.2d 944 (1999)\">White v. Ultramar, Inc., 21 Cal. 4th 563, 88 Cal. Rptr. 2d 19, 981 P.2d 944 (1999)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref16\" name=\"fn16\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">16<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000708&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2011490643\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Philip Morris USA v. Williams, 549 U.S. 346, 127 S. Ct. 1057, 166 L. Ed. 2d 940 (2007)\">Philip Morris USA v. Williams, 549 U.S. 346, 127 S. Ct. 1057, 166 L. Ed. 2d 940 (2007)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref17\" name=\"fn17\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">17<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000578&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1996177444\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Bell v. Clark, 670 N.E.2d 1290 (Ind. 1996)\">Bell v. Clark, 670 N.E.2d 1290 (Ind. 1996)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref18\" name=\"fn18\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">18<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000595&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2002681951\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Olson-Roti v. Kilcoin, 2002 SD 131, 653 N.W.2d 254 (S.D. 2002)\">Olson-Roti v. Kilcoin, 2002 SD 131, 653 N.W.2d 254 (S.D. 2002)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref19\" name=\"fn19\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">19<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000602&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2017511191\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Tartaro v. Allstate Indem. Co., 56 A.D.3d 758, 868 N.Y.S.2d 281 (2d Dep&#039;t 2008)\">Tartaro v. Allstate Indem. Co., 56 A.D.3d 758, 868 N.Y.S.2d 281 (2d Dep&#8217;t 2008)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref20\" name=\"fn20\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">20<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000595&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2025824708\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"In re Vajgrt, 801 N.W.2d 570 (Iowa 2011)\">In re Vajgrt, 801 N.W.2d 570 (Iowa 2011)<\/a>    <\/span>; <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000661&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1995045163\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Parker v. Artery, 889 P.2d 520 (Wyo. 1995)\">Parker v. Artery, 889 P.2d 520 (Wyo. 1995)<\/a>    <\/span>, rejected by <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000661&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1996026800\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Tillett v. Lippert, 275 Mont. 1, 909 P.2d 1158 (1996)\">Tillett v. Lippert, 275 Mont. 1, 909 P.2d 1158 (1996)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span>  <span>\u00a0As to whether a claim for punitive damages may be brought against a deceased tortfeasor&#8217;s estate, generally, see <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=140172&amp;refType=DA&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;cite=AMJURDAMAGESS613\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u00a7 613\">\u00a7 613<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref21\" name=\"fn21\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">21<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=140172&amp;refType=DA&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;cite=AMJURDAMAGESS613\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u00a7 613\">\u00a7 613<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref22\" name=\"fn22\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">22<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000661&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1996026800\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Tillett v. Lippert, 275 Mont. 1, 909 P.2d 1158 (1996)\">Tillett v. Lippert, 275 Mont. 1, 909 P.2d 1158 (1996)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref23\" name=\"fn23\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">23<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0007047&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=2027532299\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Bankhead v. ArvinMeritor, Inc., 205 Cal. App. 4th 68, 139 Cal. Rptr. 3d 849 (1st Dist. 2012)\">Bankhead v. ArvinMeritor, Inc., 205 Cal. App. 4th 68, 139 Cal. Rptr. 3d 849 (1st Dist. 2012)<\/a>    <\/span>, as modified, (Apr. 25, 2012) and review denied, (July 11, 2012); <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0000713&amp;refType=RP&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=1998120314\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35 (Tex. 1998)\">Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35 (Tex. 1998)<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span>  <span>\u00a0As to the amount of punitive damages, generally, see \u00a7\u00a7 <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=140172&amp;refType=DA&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;cite=AMJURDAMAGESS620\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"620\">620<\/a>    <\/span> to  <span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=140172&amp;refType=DA&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;cite=AMJURDAMAGESS631\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"631\">631<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"#fn-ref24\" name=\"fn24\" class=\"footnote-revlink\">24<\/a>  <span>\u00a0<span class=\"cite\">      <a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Link\/Document\/FullText?findType=Y&amp;originatingContext=document&amp;transitionType=DocumentItem&amp;pubNum=0113542&amp;refType=TS&amp;originatingDoc=&amp;serNum=0281901505\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Am. Jur. 2d, Insurance \u00a7 1538\">Am. Jur. 2d, Insurance \u00a7 1538<\/a>    <\/span>.<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><a href=\"https:\/\/1.next.westlaw.com\/Document\/I4918e4bab27b11d9815db1c9d88f7df2\/View\/FullText.html?originationContext=documenttoc&#038;transitionType=CategoryPageItem&#038;contextData=(sc.Default)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Am Jur 2d Damages\">Read this complete Am Jur 2d section on Westlaw<\/a><\/b><\/div>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_stopmodifiedupdate":false,"_modified_date":"","_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false},"class_list":["post-26919","amjur","type-amjur","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/amjur\/26919","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/amjur"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/amjur"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reference.findlaw.com\/legal-api\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26919"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}