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Encyclopedia of Law & Economics – 0760 Network Externalities

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  • Anton, James J. and Yao, Dennis A. (1995), ‘Standard-Setting Consortia, Antitrust, and High- Technology Industries’, 64 Antitrust Law Journal , 247-265.
  • Antonelli, Christiano (1992), ‘The Economic Theory of Information Networks’, in Antonelli, Christiano (ed.), The Economics of Information Networks , Amsterdam, North Holland.
  • Antonelli, Christiano (1993), ‘Externalities and Complementarities in Telecommunications Dynamics’, 11 International Journal of Industrial Organization , 299-450.
  • Antonelli, Christiano (1994), ‘Localized Technological Change and the Evolution of Standards as Economic Institutions’, 6 Information Economics and Policy , 195-216.
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  • Baird, Douglas G. and others (1994), Game Theory and the Law , Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press.
  • Baker, Donald I. (1993), ‘Compulsory Access to Network Joint Ventures Under the Sherman Act: Rules or Roulette?’, 1993 Utah Law Review , 999-1133.
  • Balcer, Yves and Lippman, Steven A. (1984), ‘Technological Expectations and Adoption of Improved Technology’, 34 Journal of Economic Theory , 292-318.
  • Banerjee, Abhijit V. (1992), ‘A Simple Model of Herd Behavior’, 107 Quarterly Journal of Economics , 797 ff.
  • Baumol, William J. and Sidak, J. Gregory (1994), ‘The Pricing of Inputs Sold to Competitors’, 11 Yale Journal on Regulation , 171-202.
  • Bensaid, Bernard and Lesne, Jean-Philippe (1996), ‘Dynamic Monopoly Pricing with Network Externalities’, 14 International Journal of Industrial Organization , 837 ff.
  • Bental, Benjamin and Spiegel, Menahem (1995), ‘Network Competition, Product Quality and Market Coverage in the Presence of Network Externalities’, 43 Journal of Industrial Economics , 197-208.
  • Berg, Sanford V. (1987), ‘Public Policy and Corporate Strategies in the AM Stereo Market’, in Gabel, H. Landis (ed.), Product Standardization as a Tool of Competitive Strategy , Amsterdam, North Holland.
  • Berg, Sanford V. (1988), ‘Duopoly Compatibility Standards with Partial Cooperation and Standards Leadership’, 3 Information Economics and Policy , 35-53.
  • Besen, Stanley M. (1992), ‘AM versus FM: The Battle of the Bands’, 1 Industrial and Corporate Change , 375 ff.
  • Besen, Stanley M. and Farrell, Joseph (1994), ‘Choosing How to Compete: Strategies and Tactics in Standardization’, 8 Journal of Economic Perspectives , 117 ff.
  • Besen, Stanley M. and Johnson, Leland Law (1986), Compatibility Standards, Competition, and Innovation in the Broadcasting Industry , Rand Corporation, No. R-3453-NSF.
  • Bijl, Paul W.J. and Goyal, Sanjeev (1995), ‘Technological Change in Markets With Network Externalities’, 13 International Journal of Industrial Organization , 307-325.
  • Bolter, Walter and others (1990), Telecommunications Policy for the 1990s and Beyond , New York, Sharpe.
  • Borenstein, Severin and others (1995), ‘Antitrust Policy in Aftermarkets’, 63 Antitrust Law Journal , 455-482.
  • Braunstein, Yale and White, Lawrence (1985), ‘Setting Technical Compatibility Standards: An Economic Analysis’, 30 Antitrust Bulletin , 337 ff.
  • Brinig, Margaret F. (1995), ‘A Maternalistic Approach to Surrogacy’, 81 Virginia Law Review , 2377-2399.
  • Brinig, Margaret F. and Buckley, Francis H. (1996), ‘The Market for Deadbeats’, 25 Journal of Legal Studies , 201-232.
  • Brown, Jack E. (1993), ‘Technology Joint Ventures to Set Standards or Define Interfaces’, 61 Antitrust Law Journal , 921-936.
  • Cabral, Luis M.B. (1990), ‘On the Adoption of Innovations with Network Externalities’, 19 Mathematical Social Sciences , 229-308.
  • Carlton, Dennis W. and Frankel, Alan S. (1995), ‘The Antitrust Economics of Credit Card Networks’, 63 Antitrust Law Journal , 643-668.
  • Carlton, Dennis W. and Klamer, J. Mark (1983), ‘The Need for Coordination among Firms, with Special Reference to Network Industries’, 50 University of Chicago Law Review , 446-465.
  • Carlton, Dennis W. and Salop, Steven (1996), ‘You Keep On Knocking But You Can’t Come In: Evaluating Restrictions on Access To Input Joint Ventures’, 9 Harvard Journal of Law and Technology , 319-352.
  • Choi, Jay Pil (1994), ‘Irreversible Choice of Uncertain Technologies with Network Externalities’, 25 Rand Journal of Economics , 382 ff.
  • Choi, Jay Pil (1996), ‘Do Converters Facilitate the Transition to a New Incompatible Technology?: A Dynamic Analysis of Converters’, 14 International Journal of Industrial Organization , 825 ff.
  • Chou, Chien-fu and Shy Oz (1990), ‘Network Effects Without Network Externalities’, 8 International Journal of Industrial Organization , 259-270.
  • Church, Jeffrey and Gandal, Neil (1990), ‘Complementary Network Externalities and Technology Adoption’, 11 International Journal of Industrial Organization , 239-260.
  • Church, Jeffrey and Gandal, Neil (1992), ‘Integration, Complementary Products, and Variety’, 1 Journal of Economics and Management Strategy , 651-675.
  • Church, Jeffrey and Gandal, Neil (1992), ‘Network Effects, Software Provision, and Standardization’, 40 Journal of Industrial Economics , 85-104.
  • Church, Jeffrey and King, I.P. (1993), ‘Bilingualism and Network Externalities’, 26 Canadian Journal of Economics , 337-345.
  • Cohen, William E. (1996), ‘Competition and Foreclosure in the Context of Installed Base and Compatibility Effects’, 64 Antitrust Law Journal , 535-569.
  • Compton, Charles T.C. (1993), ‘Cooperation, Collaboration, and Coalition: a Perspective on the Types and Purposes of Technology Joint Ventures’, 61 Antitrust Law Journal , 861-897.
  • Conner, Kathleen R. (1995), ‘Obtaining Strategic Advantage From Being Imitated: When Can Encouraging ‘Clones’ Pay?’, 41 Management Science , 209-225.
  • Conrad, Cecilia and Duchatelet, M. (1987), ‘New Technology Adoption’, 5 International Journal of Industrial Organization , 315-321.
  • Cowan, Robin (1990), ‘Nuclear Power Reactors: A Study in Technological Lock in’, 50 Journal of Economic History , 541-567.
  • Cowan, Robin (1991), ‘Tortoises and Hares: Choice among Technologies of Unknown Merit’, 101 Economic Journal , 801-814.
  • Cowan, Robin (1992), ‘High Technology and the Economics of Standardization’, in Dierkes, Meinolf and Hoffmann, Ute (eds.), New Technology at the Outset , Frankfurt am Main, Campus Verlag, 279-300.
  • Crandall, Robert W. and Sidak, J. Gregory (1995), ‘Competition and Regulatory Policies for Interactive Broadband Networks’, 68 Southern California Law Review , 1203-1237.
  • Dam, Kenneth W. (1995), ‘Some Economic Considerations in the Intellectual Property Protection of Software’, 24 Journal of Legal Studies , 321-377.
  • David, Paul A (1985), ‘Clio and the Economics of QWERTY’, 75 American Economic Review , 332-337.
  • David, Paul A. (1986), ‘Understanding the Economics of QWERTY’, in Parker, W.N. (ed.), Economic History and the Modern Economist , Oxford, Blackwell.
  • David, Paul A. and Bunn, Julie Ann (1988), ‘The Economics of Gateway Technologies and Network Evolution’, 3 Information Economics and Policy , 165-202.
  • David, Paul A. and Greenstein, Shane (1990), ‘The Economics of Compatibility Standards: An Introduction to the Recent Research’, 1 Economics of Innovation and New Technology , 3-41.
  • David, Paul A. and W. Edward Steinmueller (1994), ‘Economics of Compatibility Standards and Competition in Telecommunication Networks’, 6 Information Economics and Policy , 217-241.
  • Desruelle, Dominique and others (1996), ‘Complementarity, Coordination and Compatibility: An Analysis of the Economics of Systems’, 14 International Journal of Industrial Organization , 747 ff.
  • Domowitz, Ian (1995), ‘Electronic Derivatives Exchanges: Implicit Mergers, Network Externalities, and Standardization’, 35 Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance , 163-175.
  • Dowd, Kevin (1996), Competition and Finance: A New Interpretation of Financial and Monetary Economics , MacMillan Press, 572 p.
  • Dowd, Kevin and Greenaway, David (1993), ‘Currency Competition, Network Externalities and Switching Costs: Towards an Alternative View of Optimal Currency Areas’, 103(420) Economic Journal , 1180-1189.
  • Dowd, Kevin and Greenaway, David (1993), ‘A Single Currency for Europe ?’, 15(1) Greek Economic Review , 227-244.
  • Dratler, Jay, Jr. (1996), ‘Microsoft as an Antitrust Target: IBM in Software?’, 25 Southwestern University Law Review , 671-744.
  • Dybvig, Philip and Spatt, Chester (1983), ‘Adoption Externalities as Public Goods’, 20 Journal of Public Economics , 231-247.
  • Economides, Nicholas (1988), ‘Desirability of Compatibility in the Absence of Network Externalities’, 78 American Economic Review , 108-121.
  • Economides, Nicholas (1991), ‘Compatibility and the Creation of Shared Networks’, in Guerin-Calvert, Margaret and Wildman, Steven (eds.), Electronic Services Networks: A Business and Public Policy Challenge , New York, Praeger.
  • Economides, Nicholas (1993), ‘A Monopolist’s Incentive to Invite Competitors to Enter in Telecommunications Services’, in Pogorel, Gerard (ed.), Global Telecommunications Services and Technological Changes , Amsterdam, Elsevier.
  • Economides, Nicholas (1993), ‘Network Economics with Application to Finance’, 2 Financial Markets, Institutions, and Instruments , 89-97.
  • Economides, Nicholas (1996), ‘The Economics of Networks’, 14 International Journal of Industrial Organization , 673 ff.
  • Economides, Nicholas (1997), ‘Network Externalities, Complementarities, and Invitations to Enter’, European Journal of Political Economy .
  • Economides, Nicholas and Himmelberg, Charles (1995), ‘Critical Mass and Network Evolution in Telecommunications’, in Brock, Gerard (ed.), Toward a Competitive Telecommunications Industry: Selected Papers from the 1994 Telecommunications Policy Research Conference .
  • Economides, Nicholas and Salop, Steven (1992), ‘Competition and Integration among Complements, and Network Market Structure’, 40 Journal of Industrial Economics , 105-123.
  • Economides, Nicholas and White, Lawrence (1994), ‘Networks and Compatibility: Implications for Antitrust’, 38 European Economic Review , 651-662.
  • Economides, Nicholas and White, Lawrence (1995), ‘Access and Interconnection Access Pricing: How Efficient is the Efficient Component Pricing Rule?’, 40 Antitrust Bulletin , 557-579.
  • Economides, Nicholas and White, Lawrence (1996), ‘One-Way Networks, Two-Way Networks, Compatibility, and Antitrust’, in Gabel, David and Weiman, David (eds.), Opening Networks to Competition: The Regulation and Pricing of Access , Amsterdam, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Encaoua, David and others (1996), ‘Compatibility and Competition in Airlines: Demand Side Network Effects’, 14 International Journal of Industrial Organization , 701 ff.
  • Evans, David S. and Schmalensee, Richard L. (1996), ‘A Guide to the Antitrust Economics of Networks’, Antitrust , 36-39.
  • Farrell, Joseph (1989), ‘Standardization and Intellectual Property’, 30 Jurimetrics Journal , 35-50.
  • Farrell, Joseph (1996), ‘Creating Local Competition’, 49 Federal Communications Law Journal , 201-215.
  • Farrell, Joseph and Gallini, Nancy (1988), ‘Second-Sourcing as a Commitment: Monopoly Incentives to Attract Competition’, 103 Quarterly Journal of Economics , 673-694.
  • Farrell, Joseph and Saloner, Garth (1985), ‘Standardization, Compatibility, and Innovation’, 16 Rand Journal of Economics , 70-83.
  • Farrell, Joseph and Saloner, Garth (1986), ‘Economic Issues in Standardization’, in Miller, J. (ed.), Telecommunications and Equity , Amsterdam, North Holland.
  • Farrell, Joseph and Saloner, Garth (1986), ‘Standardization and Variety’, 20 Economic Letters , 71-74.
  • Farrell, Joseph and Saloner, Garth (1986), ‘Installed Base and Compatibility: Innovation, Product Preannouncements, and Predation’, 76 American Economic Review , 940-955.
  • Farrell, Joseph and Saloner, Garth (1987), ‘Competition, Compatibility and Standards: The Economics of Horses, Penguins and Lemmings’, in Gabel, H. Landis (ed.), Product Standardization and Competitive Strategy 1 .
  • Farrell, Joseph and Saloner, Garth (1988), ‘Coordination Through Committees and Markets’, 19 Rand Journal of Economics , 235-252.
  • Farrell, Joseph and Saloner, Garth (1992), ‘Converters, Compatibility, and the Control of Interfaces’, 40 Journal of Industrial Economics , 9-36.
  • Farrell, Joseph and Shapiro, Carl (1988), ‘Dynamic Competition with Switching Costs’, 19 Rand Journal of Economics , 123 ff.
  • Farrell, Joseph and Shapiro, Carl (1989), ‘Optimal Contracts with Lock-In’, 79 American Economic Review , 51 ff.
  • Farrell, Joseph and Shapiro, Carl (1992), ‘Standard Setting in High-Definition Television’, 1 Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics .
  • Farrell, Joseph and Shapiro, Carl (1994), ‘The Dynamics of Bandwagons’, in X (ed.), Problems of Coordination in Economic Activity .
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  • Gandal, Neil (1994), ‘Hedonic Price Indexes for Spreadsheets and an Empirical Test for Network Externalities’, 24 Rand Journal of Economics , 19-39.
  • Gandal, Neil (1995), ‘A Selective Survey of the Literature on Indirect Network Externalities’, 17 Research in Law and Economics , 23-31.
  • Gandal, Neil (1996), ‘Compatibility Standards and Complementary Network Externalities in the PC Software Market’, Review of Economics and Statistics .
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  • Gilbert, Richard J. and Sunshine, Steven C. (1995), ‘Incorporating Dynamic Efficiency Concerns in Merger Analysis: The Use of Innovation Markets’, 63 Antitrust Law Journal , 569-601.
  • Gillette, Clayton P. (1996), ‘Rules, Standards, and Precautions in Payment Systems’, 82 Virginia Law Review , 181-251.
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  • Katz, Michael L. and Shapiro, Carl (1985), ‘Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility’, 75 American Economic Review , 424-440.
  • Katz, Michael L. and Shapiro, Carl (1986), ‘Product Compatibility Choice in a Market with Technological Progress’, 38 Oxford Economic Papers , 146-165.
  • Katz, Michael L. and Shapiro, Carl (1986), ‘Technology Adoption in the Presence of Network Externalities’, 94 Journal of Political Economy , 822-841.
  • Katz, Michael L. and Shapiro, Carl (1992), ‘Product Introduction with Network Externalities’, 40 Journal of Industrial Economics , 55 ff.
  • Katz, Michael L. and Shapiro, Carl (1994), ‘Systems Competition and Network Effects’, 8 Journal of Economic Perspectives , 93-115.
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